tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42528008935846308292024-03-09T00:56:53.555-08:00CCNA Study TechniqueNetwork Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.comBlogger72125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-8654217723220001722011-10-17T23:48:00.000-07:002011-10-17T23:48:29.758-07:00About Juniper - Feel it !!!Guys, recently I passed Juniper JNCIA, It was kinda cool exam. My juniper endeavor started when I stepped into ISP domain. You cannot survive without knowing about Juniper in ISP world. I started working on all service Routers, most of them are very powerful High end routers. It was bit challenging when I first started using this product, now its fun working on this box. What I learned from using different vendor product is " deeper understanding of technology ", To paraphrase it, I would say you learn better what you learned in the first place with Cisco. JNCIA is equivalent to CCNA, but from exam perspective it is lot simpler than CCNA. The CLI method in JunOS is totally ironic to Cisco CLI. It will take some time and practice to master it. I am just working on this area as well. I suggest you guys to keep an eye on multiple vendor products rather than sticking on to one product. To start with Cisco (CCNA) is right choice. As you move on the ladder of networking, try to taste and feel all competitive products.Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-14926386043931018882011-10-17T06:10:00.000-07:002011-10-17T06:10:18.099-07:00EIGRP Frequently Asked QuestionsQuestions<br />
Introduction<br />
Does EIGRP require an ip default−network command to propagate a default route?<br />
Should I always use the eigrp log−neighbor−changes command when I configure EIGRP?<br />
Does EIGRP support secondary addresses?<br />
What debugging capabilities does EIGRP have?<br />
What does the word serno mean on the end of an EIGRP topology entry when you issue the show ip<br />
eigrp topology command?<br />
What percent of bandwidth and processor resources does EIGRP use?<br />
Does EIGRP support aggregation and variable length subnet masks?<br />
Does EIGRP support areas?<br />
Can I configure more than one EIGRP autonomous system on the same router?<br />
If there are two EIGRP processes that run and two equal paths are learned, one by each EIGRP<br />
process, do both routes get installed?<br />
What does the EIGRP stuck in active message mean?<br />
What does the neighbor statement in the EIGRP configuration section do?<br />
Why does the EIGRP passive−interface command remove all neighbors for an interface?<br />
Why are routes received from one neighbor on a point−to−multipoint interface that runs EIGRP not<br />
propagated to another neighbor on the same point−to−multipoint interface?<br />
When I configure EIGRP, how can I configure a network statement with a mask?<br />
I have two routes: 172.16.1.0/24 and 172.16.1.0/28. How can I deny 172.16.1.0/28 while I allow<br />
172.16.1.0/24 in EIGRP?<br />
I have a router that runs Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) and EIGRP. Who does load−balancing<br />
when there are multiple links to a destination?<br />
How can I use only one path when a router has two equal cost paths?<br />
What is the difference in metric calculation between EIGRP and IGRP?<br />
What is the EIGRP Stub Routing feature?<br />
How can I send a default route to the Stub router from the hub?<br />
How EIGRP behaves over a GRE tunnel compared to a directly connected network?<br />
What is an offset−list, and how is it useful?<br />
How can I tag external routes in EIGRP?<br />
What are the primary functions of the PDM?<br />
What are the various load−balancing options available in EIGRP?<br />
Related Information<br />
<b><br />
ANSWERS FOR THE ABOVE QUESTIONS</b><br />
Introduction<br />
This document contains frequently asked questions (FAQs) about IP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing<br />
Protocol (EIGRP).<br />
Q. Does EIGRP require an ip default−network command to propagate a<br />
default route?<br />
A. Although EIGRP can propagate a default route using the default network method, it is not<br />
required. EIGRP redistributes default routes directly.<br />
<br />
<br />
Q. Should I always use the eigrp log−neighbor−changes command when<br />
I configure EIGRP?<br />
A. Yes, this command makes it easy to determine why an EIGRP neighbor was reset. This<br />
reduces troubleshooting time.<br />
Q. Does EIGRP support secondary addresses?<br />
A. EIGRP does support secondary addresses. Since EIGRP always sources data packets from<br />
the primary address, Cisco recommends that you configure all routers on a particular subnet<br />
with primary addresses that belong to the same subnet. Routers do not form EIGRP neighbors<br />
over secondary networks. Therefore, if all of the primary IP addresses of routers do not agree,<br />
problems can arise with neighbor adjacencies.<br />
Q. What debugging capabilities does EIGRP have?<br />
A. There are protocol−independent and −dependent debug commands. There is also a suite of<br />
show commands that display neighbor table status, topology table status, and EIGRP traffic<br />
statistics. Some of these commands are:<br />
¨ show ip eigrp neighbors<br />
¨ show ip eigrp interfaces<br />
¨ show ip eigrp topology<br />
¨ show ip eigrp traffic<br />
Q. What does the word serno mean on the end of an EIGRP topology<br />
entry when you issue the show ip eigrp topology command?<br />
A. For example:<br />
show ip eigrp topology<br />
P 172.22.71.208/29, 2 successors, FD is 46163456<br />
via 172.30.1.42 (46163456/45651456), Serial0.2, serno 7539273<br />
via 172.30.2.49 (46163456/45651456), Serial2.6, serno 7539266<br />
Serno stands for serial number. When DRDBs are threaded to be sent, they are assigned a<br />
serial number. If you display the topology table at the time an entry is threaded, it shows you<br />
the serial number associated with the DRDB.<br />
Threading is the technique used inside the router to queue items up for transmission to<br />
neighbors. The updates are not created until it is time for them to go out the interface. Before<br />
that, a linked list of pointers to items to send is created (for example, the thread).<br />
These sernos are local to the router and are not passed with the routing update.<br />
Q. What percent of bandwidth and processor resources does EIGRP<br />
use?<br />
A. EIGRP version 1 introduced a feature that prevents any single EIGRP process from using<br />
more than fifty percent of the configured bandwidth on any link during periods of network<br />
convergence. Each AS or protocol (for instance, IP, IPX, or Appletalk) serviced by EIGRP is<br />
a separate process. You can use the ip bandwidth−percent eigrp interface configuration<br />
command in order to properly configure the bandwidth percentage on each WAN interface.<br />
Refer to the EIGRP White Paper for more information on how this feature works.<br />
In addition, the implementation of partial and incremental updates means that EIGRP sends<br />
routing information only when a topology change occurs. This feature significantly reduces<br />
bandwidth use.<br />
The feasible successor feature of EIGRP reduces the amount of processor resources used by<br />
an autonomous system (AS). It requires only the routers affected by a topology change to<br />
perform route re−computation. The route re−computation only occurs for routes that were<br />
affected, which reduces search time in complex data structures.<br />
Q. Does EIGRP support aggregation and variable length subnet masks?<br />
A. Yes, EIGRP supports aggregation and variable length subnet masks (VLSM). Unlike Open<br />
Shortest Path First (OSPF), EIGRP allows summarization and aggregation at any point in the<br />
network. EIGRP supports aggregation to any bit. This allows properly designed EIGRP<br />
networks to scale exceptionally well without the use of areas. EIGRP also supports automatic<br />
summarization of network addresses at major network borders.<br />
Q. Does EIGRP support areas?<br />
A. No, a single EIGRP process is analogous to an area of a link−state protocol. However,<br />
within the process, information can be filtered and aggregated at any interface boundary. In<br />
order to bound the propagation of routing information, you can use summarization to create a<br />
hierarchy.<br />
Q. Can I configure more than one EIGRP autonomous system on the<br />
same router?<br />
A. Yes, you can configure more than one EIGRP autonomous system on the same router. This<br />
is typically done at a redistribution point where two EIGRP autonomous systems are<br />
interconnected. Individual router interfaces should only be included within a single EIGRP<br />
autonomous system.<br />
Cisco does not recommend running multiple EIGRP autonomous systems on the same set of<br />
interfaces on the router. If multiple EIGRP autonomous systems are used with multiple points<br />
of mutual redistribution, it can cause discrepancies in the EIGRP topology table if correct<br />
filtering is not performed at the redistribution points. If possible, Cisco recommends you<br />
configure only one EIGRP autonomous system in any single autonomous system. You can<br />
also use another protocol, such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), in order to connect the<br />
two EIGRP autonomous systems.<br />
Q. If there are two EIGRP processes that run and two equal paths are<br />
learned, one by each EIGRP process, do both routes get installed?<br />
A. No, only one route is installed. The router installs the route that was learned through the<br />
EIGRP process with the lower Autonomous System (AS) number. In Cisco IOS Software<br />
Releases earlier than 12.2(7)T, the router installed the path with the latest timestamp received<br />
from either of the EIGRP processes. The change in behavior is tracked by Cisco bug ID<br />
CSCdm47037.<br />
<br />
Q. What does the EIGRP stuck in active message mean?<br />
A. When EIGRP returns a stuck in active (SIA) message, it means that it has not received a<br />
reply to a query. EIGRP sends a query when a route is lost and another feasible route does not<br />
exist in the topology table. The SIA is caused by two sequential events:<br />
¨ The route reported by the SIA has gone away.<br />
¨ An EIGRP neighbor (or neighbors) have not replied to the query for that route.<br />
When the SIA occurs, the router clears the neighbor that did not reply to the query. When this<br />
happens, determine which neighbor has been cleared. Keep in mind that this router can be<br />
many hops away. Refer to What Does the EIGRP DUAL−3−SIA Error Message Mean? for<br />
more information.<br />
Q. What does the neighbor statement in the EIGRP configuration section<br />
do?<br />
A. The neighbor command is used in EIGRP in order to define a neighboring router with<br />
which to exchange routing information. Due to the current behavior of this command, EIGRP<br />
exchanges routing information with the neighbors in the form of unicast packets whenever the<br />
neighbor command is configured for an interface. EIGRP stops processing all multicast<br />
packets that come inbound on that interface. Also, EIGRP stops sending multicast packets on<br />
that interface.<br />
The ideal behavior of this command is for EIGRP to start sending EIGRP packets as unicast<br />
packets to the specified neighbor, but not stop sending and receiving multicast packets on that<br />
interface. Since the command does not behave as intended, the neighbor command should be<br />
used carefully, understanding the impact of the command on the network.<br />
Q. Why does the EIGRP passive−interface command remove all<br />
neighbors for an interface?<br />
A. The passive−interface command disables the transmission and receipt of EIGRP hello<br />
packets on an interface. Unlike IGRP or RIP, EIGRP sends hello packets in order to form and<br />
sustain neighbor adjacencies. Without a neighbor adjacency, EIGRP cannot exchange routes<br />
with a neighbor. Therefore, the passive−interface command prevents the exchange of routes<br />
on the interface. Although EIGRP does not send or receive routing updates on an interface<br />
configured with the passive−interface command, it still includes the address of the interface<br />
in routing updates sent out of other non−passive interfaces. Refer to How Does the Passive<br />
Interface Feature Work in EIGRP? for more information.<br />
Q. Why are routes received from one neighbor on a point−to−multipoint<br />
interface that runs EIGRP not propagated to another neighbor on the<br />
same point−to−multipoint interface?<br />
A. The split horizon rule prohibits a router from advertising a route through an interface that<br />
the router itself uses to reach the destination. In order to disable the split horizon behavior,<br />
use the no ip split−horizon eigrp as−number interface command. Some important points to<br />
remember about EIGRP split horizon are:<br />
¨ Split horizon behavior is turned on by default.<br />
When you change the EIGRP split horizon setting on an interface, it resets all<br />
adjacencies with EIGRP neighbors reachable over that interface.<br />
¨ Split horizon should only be disabled on a hub site in a hub−and−spoke network.<br />
Disabling split horizon on the spokes radically increases EIGRP memory<br />
consumption on the hub router, as well as the amount of traffic generated on the<br />
spoke routers.<br />
¨ <br />
The EIGRP split horizon behavior is not controlled or influenced by the ip<br />
split−horizon command.<br />
¨ <br />
For more information on split horizon and poison reverse, refer to Split Horizon and Poison<br />
Reverse. For more information on commands, refer to EIGRP Commands.<br />
Q. When I configure EIGRP, how can I configure a network statement<br />
with a mask?<br />
A. The optional network−mask argument was first added to the network statement in Cisco<br />
IOS Software Release 12.0(4)T. The mask argument can be configured in any format (such as<br />
in a network mask or in wild card bits). For example, you can use network 10.10.10.0<br />
255.255.255.252 or network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.3.<br />
Q. I have two routes: 172.16.1.0/24 and 172.16.1.0/28. How can I deny<br />
172.16.1.0/28 while I allow 172.16.1.0/24 in EIGRP?<br />
A. In order to do this you need to use a prefix−list as shown here:<br />
router eigrp 100<br />
network 172.16.0.0<br />
distribute−list prefix test in<br />
auto−summary<br />
no eigrp log−neighbor−changes<br />
!<br />
ip prefix−list test seq 5 permit 172.16.1.0/24<br />
This allows only the 172.16.1.0/24 prefix and therefore denies 172.16.1.0/28.<br />
Note: The use of ACL and distribute−list under EIGRP does not work in this case. This is<br />
because ACLs do not check the mask, they just check the network portion. Since the network<br />
portion is the same, when you allow 172.16.1.0/24, you also allow 172.16.1.0/28.<br />
Q. I have a router that runs Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) and EIGRP.<br />
Who does load−balancing when there are multiple links to a destination?<br />
A. The way in which CEF works is that CEF does the switching of the packet based on the<br />
routing table which is populated by the routing protocols such as EIGRP. In short, CEF does<br />
the load−balancing once the routing protocol table is calculated. Refer to How Does Load<br />
Balancing Work? for more information on load balancing.<br />
Q. How can I use only one path when a router has two equal cost paths?<br />
A. Configure the bandwidth value on the interfaces to default, and increase the delay on the<br />
backup interface so that the router does not see two equal cost paths.<br />
Q. What is the difference in metric calculation between EIGRP and IGRP?<br />
A. The EIGRP metric is obtained when you multiply the IGRP metric by 256. The IGRP uses<br />
only 24 bits in its update packet for the metric field, but EIGRP uses 32 bits in its update packet for the metric field. For example, the IGRP metric to a destination network is 8586,<br />
but the EIGRP metric is 8586 x 256 = 2,198,016. Integer division is used when you divide<br />
10^7 by minimum BW, so the calculation involves integer division, which leads to a variation<br />
from manual calculation.<br />
Q. What is the EIGRP Stub Routing feature?<br />
A. The Stub routing feature is used to conserve bandwidth by summarizing and filtering<br />
routes. Only specified routes are propagated from the remote (Stub) router to the distribution<br />
router because of the Stub routing feature. For more information about the stub routing<br />
feature, refer to EIGRP Stub Routing. The EIGRP stub feature can be configured on the<br />
switch with the eigrp stub command, and it can be removed with the no eigrp stub. When<br />
you remove the eigrp stub command from the switch, the switch that runs the IP Base image<br />
throws the error:<br />
EIGRP is restricted to stub configurations only<br />
This issue can be resolved if you upgrade to Advanced Enterprise Images. This error is<br />
documented in CSCeh58135.<br />
Q. How can I send a default route to the Stub router from the hub?<br />
A. Do this under the outbound interface on the hub router with the ip summary−address<br />
eigrp X 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 command. This command suppresses all the more specific routes and<br />
only sends the summary route. In the case of the 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0, it means it suppresses<br />
everything, and the only route that is in the outbound update is 0.0.0.0/0. One drawback to<br />
this method is that EIGRP installs a 0.0.0.0/0 route to Null0 is the local routing table with an<br />
admin distance of 5.<br />
Q. How EIGRP behaves over a GRE tunnel compared to a directly<br />
connected network?<br />
A. EIGRP will use the same administrative distance and metric calculation for the GRE<br />
tunnel. The cost calculation is based on bandwidth and delay. The bandwidth and delay of the<br />
GRE tunnel will be taken from the tunnel interface configured on the router. The tunnel will<br />
also be treated like a directly connected network. If there are two paths to reach a network<br />
either through a VLAN interface or tunnel interface, EIGRP prefers the Virtual−Access<br />
Interface (VAI) VLAN interface because the VLAN interface has greater bandwidth than the<br />
tunnel interface. In order to influence the routing through the tunnel interface, increase the<br />
bandwidth parameter of the tunnel interface, or increase the delay parameter of the VLAN<br />
interface.<br />
Q. What is an offset−list, and how is it useful?<br />
A. The offset−list is an feature used to modify the composite metrics in EIGRP. The value<br />
configured in the offset−list command is added to the delay value calculated by the router for<br />
the route matched by an access−list. An offset−list is the preferred method to influence a<br />
particular path that is advertised and/or chosen.<br />
Q. How can I tag external routes in EIGRP?<br />
A. You can tag routes that EIGRP has learned from another routing protocol using a 32 bit tag<br />
value. Starting with ddts CSCdw22585, internal routes can also be tagged. However, the tag value cannot exceed 255 due to packet limitations for internal routes.<br />
Q. What are the primary functions of the PDM?<br />
A. EIGRP supports 3 protocol suites: IP, IPv6, and IPX. Each of them has its own PDM.<br />
These are the primary functions of PDM:<br />
Maintaining the neighbor and topology tables of EIGRP routers that belong to that<br />
protocol suite<br />
¨ <br />
¨ Building and translating protocol specific packets for DUAL<br />
¨ Interfacing DUAL to the protocol specific routing table<br />
Computing the metric and passing this information to DUAL; DUAL handles only<br />
the picking of the feasible successors (FSs)<br />
¨ <br />
¨ Implement filtering and access lists.<br />
¨ Perform redistribution functions to/from other routing protocols.<br />
Q. What are the various load−balancing options available in EIGRP?<br />
A. The offset−list can be used to modify the metrics of routes that EIGRP learns through a<br />
particular interface, or PBR can be used.Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-32309397362754679782011-10-17T05:57:00.000-07:002011-10-17T05:57:31.313-07:00OSPF: Frequently Asked QuestionsQuestions<br />
Introduction<br />
Why are loopbacks advertised as /32 host routes in OSPF?<br />
How do I change the reference bandwidth in OSPF?<br />
How does OSPF calculate its metric or cost?<br />
Are OSPF routing protocol exchanges authenticated?<br />
What is the link−state retransmit interval, and what is the command to set it?<br />
What is the purpose of the variable IP−OSPF−Transmit−Delay?<br />
Is it true that only the static option of the virtual link in OSPF allows discontiguous<br />
networks, regardless of the mask propagation properties?<br />
Are the multicast IP addresses mapped to MAC−level multicast addresses?<br />
Does the Cisco OSPF implementation support IP TOS−based routing?<br />
Does the offset−list subcommand work for OSPF?<br />
Can an OSPF default be originated into the system based on external information on a<br />
router that does not itself have a default?<br />
Can I use the distribute−list in/out command with OSPF to filter routes?<br />
How can I give preference to OSPF interarea routes over intra−area routes?<br />
Do I need to manually set up adjacencies for routers on the Switched Multimegabit Data<br />
Service (SMDS) cloud with the OSPF neighbor subcommand?<br />
When routes are redistributed between OSPF processes, are all shortest path first<br />
algorithm (SPF) metrics preserved, or is the default metric value used?<br />
How does Cisco accommodate OSPF routing on partial−mesh Frame Relay networks?<br />
Which address−wild−mask pair should I use for assigning an unnumbered interface to<br />
an area?<br />
Can I have one numbered side and leave the other side unnumbered in OSPF?<br />
Why do I receive the "cannot allocate router id" error message when I configure Router<br />
OSPF One?<br />
Why do I receive the "unknown routing protocol" error message when I configure<br />
Router OSPF One?<br />
What do the states DR, BDR, and DROTHER mean in show ip ospf interface command<br />
output?<br />
When I issue the show ip ospf neighbor command, why do I only see FULL/DR and<br />
FULL/BDR, with all other neighbors showing 2−WAY/DROTHER?<br />
Why do I not see OSPF neighbors as FULL/DR or FULL/BDR on my serial link?<br />
Do I need any special commands to run OSPF over BRI/PRI links?<br />
Do I need any special commands to run OSPF over asynchronous links?<br />
Which Cisco IOS Software release began support for per−interface authentication type<br />
in OSPF?<br />
Can I control the P−bit when importing external routes into a not−so−stubby area<br />
(NSSA)?<br />
Why are OSPF show commands responding so slowly?<br />
What does the clear ip ospf redistribution command do?<br />
Does OSPF form adjacencies with neighbors that are not on the same subnet?<br />
How often does OSPF send out link−state advertisements (LSAs)?<br />
How do I stop individual interfaces from developing adjacencies in an OSPF network?<br />
When I have two type 5 link−state advertisements (LSAs) for the same external network<br />
in the OSPF database, which path should be installed in the IP routing table?<br />
Why is it that my Cisco 1600 router does not recognize the OSPF protocol?<br />
Why is it that my Cisco 800 router does not run OSPF?<br />
Should I use the same process number while configuring OSPF on multiple routers<br />
within the same network?<br />
I have a router that runs Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) and OSPF, who does<br />
load−balancing when there are multiple links to a destination?<br />
How does OSPF use two Multilink paths to transfer packets?<br />
How can you detect the topological changes rapidly?<br />
Does the 3825 Series Router support the OSPF Stub feature?<br />
What does the error message %OSPF−4−FLOOD_WAR: Process process−id<br />
re−originates LSA ID ip address type−2 adv−rtr ip address in area area id means?<br />
Can we have OSPF run over a GRE tunnel?<br />
<br />
<b>ANSWERS FOR THE ABOVE QUESTIONS</b><br />
<br />
Introduction<br />
The document addresses the most frequently asked questions (FAQ) associated with Open Shortest Path First<br />
(OSPF). The document covers OSPF version 2 only. OSPF version 3, introduced in Cisco IOS® Software<br />
Releases 12.0(24)S, 12.2(18)S, and 12.2(15)T, is used for distributing IP version 6 routing information; it is<br />
not explicitly covered in this document. In the scope of this document, "OSPF" refers to OSPF version 2 and<br />
"IP" refers to IP version 4.<br />
Q. Why are loopbacks advertised as /32 host routes in OSPF?<br />
A. Loopbacks are considered host routes in OSPF, and they are advertised as /32. For more<br />
information, refer to section 9.1 of RFC 2328 . In Cisco IOS Software Releases 11.3T and<br />
12.0, if the ip ospf network point−to−point command is configured under loopbacks, OSPF<br />
advertises the loopback subnet as the actual subnet configured on loopbacks. ISDN dialer<br />
interface advertises /32 subnet instead of its configured subnet mask. This is an expected<br />
behavior if ip ospf network point−to−multipoint is configured.<br />
Q. How do I change the reference bandwidth in OSPF?<br />
A. You can change the reference bandwidth in Cisco IOS Software Release 11.2 and later<br />
using the ospf auto−cost reference−bandwidth command under router ospf. By default,<br />
reference bandwidth is 100 Mbps.<br />
Q. How does OSPF calculate its metric or cost?<br />
A. OSPF uses a reference bandwidth of 100 Mbps for cost calculation. The formula to<br />
calculate the cost is reference bandwidth divided by interface bandwidth. For example, in the<br />
case of Ethernet, it is 100 Mbps / 10 Mbps = 10.<br />
Note: If ip ospf cost cost is used on the interface, it overrides this formulated cost.<br />
Q. Are OSPF routing protocol exchanges authenticated?<br />
A. Yes, OSPF can authenticate all packets exchanged between neighbors. Authentication may<br />
be through simple passwords or through MD5 cryptographic checksums. To configure simple<br />
password authentication for an area, use the command ip ospf authentication−key to assign<br />
a password of up to eight octets to each interface attached to the area. Then, issue the area x<br />
authentication command to the OSPF router configuration to enable authentication. (In the<br />
command, x is the area number.)<br />
Cisco IOS Software Release 12.x also supports the enabling of authentication on a<br />
per−interface basis. If you want to enable authentication on some interfaces only, or if you<br />
want different authentication methods on different interfaces that belong to the same area, use<br />
the ip ospf authentication interface mode command.<br />
Q. What is the link−state retransmit interval, and what is the command to<br />
set it?<br />
A. OSPF must send acknowledgment of each newly received link−state advertisement (LSA).<br />
It does this by sending LSA packets. LSAs are retransmitted until they are acknowledged.<br />
The link−state retransmit interval defines the time between retransmissions. You can use the<br />
command ip ospf retransmit−interval to set the retransmit interval. The default value is 5<br />
seconds.<br />
Q. What is the purpose of the variable IP−OSPF−Transmit−Delay?<br />
A. This variable adds a specified time to the age field of an update. If the delay is not added<br />
before transmission over a link, the time in which the link−state advertisement (LSA)<br />
propagates over the link is not considered. The default value is 1 second. This parameter has<br />
more significance on very low−speed links.<br />
Q. Is it true that only the static option of the virtual link in OSPF allows<br />
discontiguous networks, regardless of the mask propagation<br />
properties?<br />
A. No, virtual links in OSPF maintain connectivity to the backbone from nonbackbone areas,<br />
but they are unnecessary for discontiguous addressing. OSPF provides support for<br />
discontiguous networks because every area has a collection of networks, and OSPF attaches a<br />
mask to each advertisement.<br />
Q. Are the multicast IP addresses mapped to MAC−level multicast<br />
addresses?<br />
A. OSPF sends all advertisements using multicast addressing. Except for Token Ring, the<br />
multicast IP addresses are mapped to MAC−level multicast addresses. Cisco maps Token<br />
Ring to MAC−level broadcast addresses.<br />
Q. Does the Cisco OSPF implementation support IP TOS−based routing?<br />
A. Cisco OSPF only supports TOS 0. This means that routers route all packets on the TOS 0<br />
path, eliminating the need to calculate nonzero TOS paths.<br />
Q. Does the offset−list subcommand work for OSPF?<br />
A. The offset−list command does not work for OSPF. It is used for distance vector protocols<br />
such as Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), Routing Information Protocol (RIP), and<br />
RIP version 2.<br />
<br />
Q. Can an OSPF default be originated into the system based on external<br />
information on a router that does not itself have a default?<br />
A. OSPF generates a default only if it is configured using the command default−information<br />
originate and if there is a default network in the box from a different process. The default<br />
route in OSPF is 0.0.0.0. If you want an OSPF−enabled router to generate a default route even<br />
if it does not have a default route itself, use the command default−information originate<br />
always.<br />
Q. Can I use the distribute−list in/out command with OSPF to filter<br />
routes?<br />
A. The distribute−list commands are supported in OSPF but work differently than<br />
distance−vector routing protocols such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Enhanced<br />
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). OSPF routes cannot be filtered from entering<br />
the OSPF database. The distribute−list in command only filters routes from entering the<br />
routing table; it does not prevent link−state packets from being propagated. Therefore, this<br />
command does not help conserve router memory, and it does not prohibit a router from<br />
propagating filtered routes to other routers.<br />
Caution: Use of the distribute−list in command in OSPF may lead to routing loops in<br />
the network if not implemented carefully.<br />
The command distribute−list out works only on the routes being redistributed by the<br />
Autonomous System Boundary Routers (ASBRs) into OSPF. It can be applied to external<br />
type 2 and external type 1 routes, but not to intra−area and interarea routes.<br />
Q. How can I give preference to OSPF interarea routes over intra−area<br />
routes?<br />
A. According to section 11 of RFC 2328 , the order of preference for OSPF routes is:<br />
¨ intra−area routes, O<br />
¨ interarea routes, O IA<br />
¨ external routes type 1, O E1<br />
¨ external routes type 2, O E2<br />
This rule of preference cannot be changed. However, it applies only within a single OSPF<br />
process. If a router is running more than one OSPF process, route comparison occurs. With<br />
route comparison, the metrics and administrative distances (if they have been changed) of the<br />
OSPF processes are compared. Route types are disregarded when routes supplied by two<br />
different OSPF processes are compared.<br />
Q. Do I need to manually set up adjacencies for routers on the Switched<br />
Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) cloud with the OSPF neighbor<br />
subcommand?<br />
A. In Cisco IOS Software releases earlier than Cisco IOS Software Release 10.0, the<br />
neighbor command was required to establish adjacencies over nonbroadcast multiaccess<br />
(NBMA) networks (such as Frame Relay, X.25, and SMDS). With Cisco IOS Software<br />
Release 10.0 and later, you can use the ip ospf network broadcast command to define the<br />
network as a broadcast network, eliminating the need for the neighbor command. If you are not using a fully meshed SMDS cloud, you must use the ip ospf network<br />
point−to−multipoint command.<br />
Q. When routes are redistributed between OSPF processes, are all<br />
shortest path first algorithm (SPF) metrics preserved, or is the default<br />
metric value used?<br />
A. The SPF metrics are preserved. The redistribution between them is like redistribution<br />
between any two IP routing processes.<br />
Q. How does Cisco accommodate OSPF routing on partial−mesh Frame<br />
Relay networks?<br />
A. You can configure OSPF to understand whether it should attempt to use multicast facilities<br />
on a multi−access interface. Also, if multicast is available, OSPF uses it for its normal<br />
multicasts.<br />
Cisco IOS Software Release 10.0 includes a feature called subinterfaces. You can use<br />
subinterfaces with Frame Relay to tie together a set of virtual circuits (VCs) to form a virtual<br />
interface, which acts as a single IP subnet. All systems within the subnet should be fully<br />
meshed. With Cisco IOS Software Releases 10.3, 11.0 and later, the ip ospf<br />
point−to−multipoint command is also available.<br />
Q. Which address−wild−mask pair should I use for assigning an<br />
unnumbered interface to an area?<br />
A. When an unnumbered interface is configured, it references another interface on the router.<br />
When enabling OSPF on the unnumbered interface, use the address−wild−mask pair of<br />
interfaces to which the unnumbered interface is pointing.<br />
Q. Can I have one numbered side and leave the other side unnumbered<br />
in OSPF?<br />
A. No, OSPF does not work if you have one side numbered and the other side unnumbered.<br />
This creates a discrepancy in the OSPF database that prevents routes from being installed in<br />
the routing table.<br />
Q. Why do I receive the "cannot allocate router id" error message when I<br />
configure Router OSPF One?<br />
A. OSPF picks up the highest IP address as a router ID. If there are no interfaces in up/up<br />
mode with an IP address, it returns this error message. To correct the problem, configure a<br />
loopback interface.<br />
Q. Why do I receive the "unknown routing protocol" error message when<br />
I configure Router OSPF One?<br />
A. Your software may not support OSPF. This error message occurs most frequently with the<br />
Cisco 1600 series routers. If you are using a 1600 router, you need a Plus image to run OSPF.<br />
<br />
<br />
Q. What do the states DR, BDR, and DROTHER mean in show ip ospf<br />
interface command output?<br />
A. DR means designated router. BDR means backup designated router. DROTHER indicates a<br />
router that is neither the DR or the BDR. The DR generates a Network Link−State<br />
Advertisement, which lists all the routers on that network.<br />
Q. When I issue the show ip ospf neighbor command, why do I only see<br />
FULL/DR and FULL/BDR, with all other neighbors showing<br />
2−WAY/DROTHER?<br />
A. To reduce the amount of flooding on broadcast media, such as Ethernet, FDDI, and Token<br />
Ring, the router becomes full with only designated router (DR) and backup designated router<br />
(BDR), and it shows 2−WAY for all other routers.<br />
Q. Why do I not see OSPF neighbors as FULL/DR or FULL/BDR on my<br />
serial link?<br />
A. This is normal. On point−to−point and point−to−multipoint networks, there are no<br />
designated routers (DRs) or backup designated routers (BDRs).<br />
Q. Do I need any special commands to run OSPF over BRI/PRI links?<br />
A. In addition to the normal OSPF configuration commands, you should use the dialer map<br />
command. When using the dialer map command, use the broadcast keyword to indicate that<br />
broadcasts should be forwarded to the protocol address.<br />
Q. Do I need any special commands to run OSPF over asynchronous<br />
links?<br />
A. In addition to the normal OSPF configuration commands, you should use the async<br />
default routing command on the asynchronous interface. This command enables the router to<br />
pass routing updates to other routers over the asynchronous interface. Also, when using the<br />
dialer map command, use the broadcast keyword to indicate that broadcasts should be<br />
forwarded to the protocol address.<br />
Q. Which Cisco IOS Software release began support for per−interface<br />
authentication type in OSPF?<br />
A. Per−interface authentication type, as described in RFC 2178 , was added in Cisco IOS<br />
Software Release 12.0(8).<br />
Q. Can I control the P−bit when importing external routes into a<br />
not−so−stubby area (NSSA)?<br />
A. When external routing information is imported into an NSSA in a type 7 link−state<br />
advertisement (LSA), the type 7 LSA has only area flooding scope. To further distribute the<br />
external information, type 7 LSAs are translated into type 5 LSAs at the NSSA border. The<br />
P−bit in the type 7 LSA Options field indicates whether the type 7 LSA should be translated.<br />
Only those LSAs with the P−bit set are translated. When you redistribute information into the NSSA, the P−bit is automatically set. A possible workaround applies when the Autonomous<br />
System Boundary Router (ASBR) is also an Area Border Router (ABR). The NSSA ASBR<br />
can then summarize with the not−advertise keyword, which results in not advertising the<br />
translated type 7 LSAs.<br />
Q. Why are OSPF show commands responding so slowly?<br />
A. You may experience a slow response when issuing OSPF show commands, but not with<br />
other commands. The most common reason for this delay is that you have the ip ospf<br />
name−lookup configuration command configured on the router. This command causes the<br />
router to look up the device Domain Name System (DNS) names for all OSPF show<br />
commands, making it easier to identify devices, but resulting in a slowed response time for<br />
the commands. If you are experiencing slow response on commands other than just OSPF<br />
show commands, you may want to start looking at other possible causes, such as the CPU<br />
utilization.<br />
Q. What does the clear ip ospf redistribution command do?<br />
A. The clear ip ospf redistribution command flushes all the type 5 and type 7 link−state<br />
advertisements (LSAs) and scans the routing table for the redistributed routes. This causes a<br />
partial shortest path first algorithm (SPF) in all the routers on the network that receive the<br />
flushed/renewed LSAs. When the expected redistributed route is not in OSPF, this command<br />
may help to renew the LSA and get the route into OSPF.<br />
Q. Does OSPF form adjacencies with neighbors that are not on the same<br />
subnet?<br />
A. The only time that OSPF forms adjacencies between neighbors that are not on the same<br />
subnet is when the neighbors are connected through point−to−point links. This may be<br />
desired when using the ip unnumbered command, but in all other cases, the neighbors must<br />
be on the same subnet.<br />
Q. How often does OSPF send out link−state advertisements (LSAs)?<br />
A. OSPF sends out its self−originated LSAs when the LSA age reaches the link−state refresh<br />
time, which is 1800 seconds.<br />
Q. How do I stop individual interfaces from developing adjacencies in an<br />
OSPF network?<br />
A. To stop routers from becoming OSPF neighbors on a particular interface, issue the<br />
passive−interface command at the interface.<br />
In Internet service provider (ISP) and large enterprise networks, many of the distribution<br />
routers have more than 200 interfaces. Configuring passive−interface on each of the 200<br />
interfaces can be difficult. The solution in such situations is to configure all the interfaces as<br />
passive by default using a single passive−interface default command. Then, configure<br />
individual interfaces where adjacencies are desired using the no passive−interface command.<br />
For more information, refer to Default Passive Interface Feature.<br />
There are some known problems with the passive−interface default command. Workarounds<br />
are listed in Cisco bug ID CSCdr09263 ( registered customers only) .<br />
<br />
Q. When I have two type 5 link−state advertisements (LSAs) for the same<br />
external network in the OSPF database, which path should be installed<br />
in the IP routing table?<br />
A. When you have two type 5 LSAs for the same external network in the OSPF database,<br />
prefer the external LSA that has the shortest path to the Autonomous System Boundary<br />
Router (ASBR) and install that into the IP routing table. Use the show ip ospf<br />
border−routers command to check the cost to the ASBR.<br />
Q. Why is it that my Cisco 1600 router does not recognize the OSPF<br />
protocol?<br />
A. Cisco 1600 routers require the Plus feature set image of Cisco IOS Software to run OSPF.<br />
Refer to Table 3: Cisco 1600 Series Routers Feature Sets in the Release Notes for Cisco IOS<br />
Release 11.2(11) Software Feature Packs for Cisco 1600 Series Routers for more information.<br />
Q. Why is it that my Cisco 800 router does not run OSPF?<br />
A. Cisco 800 routers do not support OSPF. However, they do support Routing Information<br />
Protocol (RIP) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). You can use the<br />
Software Advisor ( registered customers only) tool for more information on feature support.<br />
Q. Should I use the same process number while configuring OSPF on<br />
multiple routers within the same network?<br />
A. OSPF, unlike Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) or Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing<br />
Protocol (EIGRP), does not check the process number (or autonomous system number) when<br />
adjacencies are formed between neighboring routers and routing information is exchanged.<br />
The only case in which the OSPF process number is taken into account is when OSPF is used<br />
as the routing protocol on a Provider Edge to Customer Edge (PE−CE) link in a Multiprotocol<br />
Label Switching (MPLS) VPN. PE routers mark OSPF routes with the domain attribute<br />
derived from the OSPF process number to indicate whether the route originated within the<br />
same OSPF domain or from outside it. If the OSPF process numbering is inconsistent on PE<br />
routers in the MPLS VPN, the domain−id OSPF mode command should be used to mark that<br />
the OSPF processes with different numbers belong to the same OSPF domain.<br />
This means that, in many practical cases, you can use different autonomous system numbers<br />
for the same OSPF domain in your network. However, it is best to use consistent<br />
OSPF−process numbering as much as possible. This consistency simplifies network<br />
maintenance and complies with the network designer intention to keep routers in the same<br />
OSPF domain.<br />
Q. I have a router that runs Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) and OSPF,<br />
who does load−balancing when there are multiple links to a destination?<br />
A. CEF works by performing the switching of the packet based on the routing table which is<br />
populated by the routing protocols such as OSPF. CEF does the load−balancing once the<br />
routing protocol table has been calculated. For more details on load balancing, refer to How<br />
does load−balancing work?<br />
<br />
Q. How does OSPF use two Multilink paths to transfer packets?<br />
A. OSPF uses the metric aCost, which is related to the bandwidth. If there are equal cost paths<br />
(the same bandwidth on both multilinks), OSPF installs both routes in the routing table. The<br />
routing table tries to use both links equally, regardless of the interface utilization. If one of the<br />
links in the first multilink fails, OSPF does not send all the traffic down the second multilink.<br />
If the first multilink peaks 100%, OSPF does not send any traffic down the second multilink<br />
because OSPF tries to use both links equally, regardless of the interface utilization. The<br />
second is used fully only when the first multilink goes down.<br />
Q. How can you detect the topological changes rapidly?<br />
A. In order to have a rapid fault detection of topology changes, the hello timer value needs to<br />
be set to 1 second. The hold timer value, which is is four times that of the hello timer, also<br />
needs to be configured. There is a possibility of more routing traffic if the hello and hold<br />
timer values are reduced from their default values.<br />
Q. Does the 3825 Series Router support the OSPF Stub feature?<br />
A. Yes, the 3800 Series Router that runs Advanced IPServices image supports the OSPF Stub<br />
feature.<br />
Q. What does the error message %OSPF−4−FLOOD_WAR: Process<br />
process−id re−originates LSA ID ip address type−2 adv−rtr ip address in<br />
area area id means?<br />
A. The error message is due to the some router that is flushing the network LSA because the<br />
network LSA received by the router whose LSA ID conflicts with the IP address of one of the<br />
router's interfaces and flushes the LSA out of the network. For OSPF to function correctly the<br />
IP addresses of transit networks must be unique. If it is not unique the conflicting routers<br />
reports this error message. In the error message the router with the OSPF router ID reported<br />
as adv−rtr reports this message.<br />
Q. Can we have OSPF run over a GRE tunnel?<br />
A. Yes, refer to Configuring a GRE Tunnel over IPSec with OSPF.Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-26611498049671440442011-08-13T07:18:00.000-07:002011-08-13T07:25:04.303-07:00CCNA Certification PathCCNA Certifiacate Path<br />
<br />
There are two ways to attain the certificate, either going for a composite type (CCNA)<br />
or separately by passing CCENT or ICND1 first then by passing ICND2.<br />
<br />
Both the ways are having its own Pros and Cons. Let me explain the terminologies first, then will dig deeper into each one of the module. <br />
<br />
<b><br />
CCENT® Certification</b><br />
<br />
Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician (CCENT) validates the ability to install, <br />
operate and troubleshoot a small enterprise branch network, including basic network security.<br />
With a CCENT, network professional demonstrates the skills required for entry-level network support<br />
positions - the starting point for many successful careers in networking. <br />
The curriculum covers networking fundamentals, WAN technologies, basic security and wireless concepts, routing <br />
and switching fundamentals, and configuring simple networks. CCENT is the first step toward achieving CCNA, <br />
which covers medium size enterprise branch networks with more complex connections.<br />
There is no prerequisite for this certification.<br />
<br />
<br />
CCENT Exams & Recommended Training<br />
Required Exam(s)<br />
<br />
Recommended Training<br />
640-822 ICND1 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
CCENT certifications are valid for three years. To recertify, <br />
pass ONE of the following exams before the certification expiration date:<br />
<br />
* Pass the current ICND1 exam, or<br />
* Pass the current ICND2 exam , or<br />
* Pass the current CCNA exam, or<br />
* Pass the current CCDA exam, or<br />
* Pass any current CCNA Concentration exam (wireless, or security, or voice, or SP Ops), or<br />
* Pass any current 642-XXX professional level exam, or<br />
* Pass any current Cisco Specialist exam (excluding Sales Specialist exams or <br />
MeetingPlace Specialist exams or Implementing Cisco Telepresence Installations [ITI] exams), or<br />
* Pass any current CCIE Written Exam, or<br />
* Pass the current CCDE Written Exam OR current CCDE Practical Exam, or<br />
* Pass the Cisco Certified Architect (CCAr) interview AND the CCAr board review to extend <br />
lower certifications<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
CCNA = ICND1 + ICND2<br />
<br />
Another way is to Pass CCNA composite at one shot. <br />
<br />
<b><br />
<br />
CCNA Certification</b><br />
<br />
Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA®) validates the ability to install, <br />
configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size route and switched networks,<br />
including implementation and verification of connections to remote sites in a WAN.<br />
CCNA curriculum includes basic mitigation of security threats, introduction to wireless networking<br />
concepts and terminology, and performance-based skills. This new curriculum also includes <br />
(but is not limited to) the use of these protocols: IP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), <br />
Serial Line Interface Protocol Frame Relay, Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2),VLANs, <br />
Ethernet, access control lists (ACLs)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
CCNA Exams & Recommended Training<br />
Required Exam(s)<br />
<br />
Recommended Training<br />
640-802 CCNA Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) v1.1<br />
Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v1.1<br />
Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-31517291102448570742011-08-13T00:40:00.000-07:002011-08-13T00:40:29.172-07:00Planning for the CCNA Certifcation ExamIf you have already decided to give the online CCNA certification exam, then its time to plan now, Remember "if you fail to plan <br />
then you are planning to fail"<br />
<br />
Some of you might be in a plan to study CCNA materials and understand the concept and may not have the intention of appearing for<br />
the test. Nothing wrong in that, Ultimate goal should be to master the CCNA skills which is essential in framing your career.<br />
I personally suggest that getting your CCNA certification gives you more value in the market. <br />
<br />
Clearing the CCNA exam in not a big deal, but what matters is how much knowledge you are gaining out of the course. <br />
<br />
one key rule is read always, not only certification point of view, But throughout your career. Reading contents relevant to your <br />
profession for atleast 1 hour per day will put you under top 20 percent people in your field. It is proven.<br />
<br />
<br />
The CCNA syllabus created by Cisco is fine tuned, which is in synch with the latest technology in the industry. <br />
As the matter of fact, Cisco is good in framing syllabus as per the practical requirement of the Industry.<br />
<br />
<br />
Your psychology plays a key role when it comes to your interest in reading books. If you dont belong to the group, so called readers, then <br />
you are missing something vital in life. <br />
<br />
<br />
Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-36113481224526010122011-08-12T11:59:00.000-07:002011-08-12T11:59:00.749-07:00Master the fundamentals<br />
<br />
<br />
Always keep this point in mind, Master the networking fundamentals. The key to success in networking is mastering the basics.<br />
Only then you can build a solid networking skill above it. This will be beneficial during troubleshooting process as well.<br />
So, Master the basics. Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-16919352007900823972011-08-12T08:13:00.000-07:002011-08-12T11:44:40.824-07:00Getting CCNA JobI know many people who are struggling to get a job in networking domain. This happened to me when I was fresh to this field. To be frank, I struggled to the core. I know the pain involved in searching for a job in which your heart is attached. This will not happen overnight, but with consistent effort you will achieve the desired goal. This content is exclusively for millions of young people who are in lookout for jobs. <br />
<br />
Some people might have completed their graduation in Science, commerce or Engineering and would have pursued a course in CCNA, and some people would have completed online CCNA certification along with graduation. <br />
All these will make you eligible to get a job, but not a job exactly.<br />
<br />
If you are a fresher, then you must be willing to take up any IT related job initially to get into the industry. Then you can slowly build your skills and gradually move to the networking domain. If you are fortunate enough, you will be getting core networking job after the completion of CCNA certification. <br />
<br />
I was not in the lucky list, I did not get core networking job for 3.5 years after my B.Tech graduation, even after completing my CCNA certification. I had to work in low profile projects and passive activities in IT infrastructure domain. But I was constantly keeping an eye on networking job. The sad thing was I worked for a company who was one of the leading service provider for Cisco but I did not get the opportunity to work as a network Engineer. After many months of struggle, finally I got my dream job in the same company, with full of cisco gears all around. Now I am very happy because I am following my dream. Also, Now I got the opportunity to work for advanced technologies like IP/MPLS, Traffic Engineering, CoS, QoS, VPLS, L3VPN, L2VPN, Multicasting etc...Also security devices. My awareness of technology has been increased drastically nowadays. I am really excited. <br />
<br />
Success is just one decision away. You have to decide......What decision ?Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-54669266929715368522011-08-12T07:58:00.000-07:002011-08-12T07:58:23.947-07:00Fundamentals of MPLSMPLS is widely deployed in operators Network in recent days as it is a matured technology now. In earlier days it was implemented cautiously, since the technology was new. <br />
<br />
Unlike some of its precursors such as ATM and Framerelay, MPLS uses Control plane mechanism more effectively from the very begining.<br />
<br />
MPLS overcomes several drawbacks of conventional networking technologies like speed, scalability, QOS and traffic engineering. MPLS provides a path for reveneue generation for service oriented operators by incorporating several applications over the MPLS backbone. <br />
<br />
Before getting into the core concepts of MPLS, It is vital to understand the IP forwarding in traditional IP Networks. In traditional network, NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) is propogated using IP routing protocol. The packet forwarding decision is based on destination address only. Therefor when a packet is received by the router , it determines the next hop address by using packets destination address along with its own information that is in forwarding/Routing table. Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-10109310725001907822011-08-12T07:51:00.001-07:002011-08-12T07:51:58.481-07:00IP/MPLSI'm pleased and excited to write content on this topic. I am a systems integrator, I deal with all latest tehnology in the realm of Networking and Telecom. Recently I got fascinated by MPLS technology, which is a buzz word in the current IT industry. I am involved in a project which provides consultancy and management services to the client. This technolgy is fast growing and it is expected to surpass all the other legacy technology in the industry. I have decided to blog on this concept. My objective is to share knowledge related to this, So that it would benefit many technocrats all over the world. Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-50816178614639068912011-08-06T04:41:00.000-07:002011-08-06T04:41:47.837-07:00CCNA JobsCCNA certification is highly valuable in todays IT industry, Unlike other certifications , Cisco is having its own place in the industry. In the current trend CCNA jobs are much more prevalent than other technology jobs. So it is the right time to get certified and look for a CCNA job. <br />
<br />
To pass the exam online, It is recommended to take CCNA training and study constantly for 3 months to achieve the proficiency level in networking. <br />
<br />
Before starting with the course, decide on which stream to pursue, Like CCNA R&S, CCNA Voice, CCNA Security, CCNA Wireless, CCNA SP Ops etc. <br />
<br />
Don't hesitate to take CCNA Bootcamp or CCNA training before taking CCNA test. <br />
<br />
If you need to clarify anything related to CCNA certification, feel free to post on this blog, I will assist. <br />
<br />
All the bestNetwork Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-33341531936294247762011-08-06T04:09:00.000-07:002011-08-06T04:09:55.344-07:00CCNA® Routing & Switching Certification - SYLLABUSThe CCNA certification validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks. CCNA certified professionals have the knowledge and skills to make connections to remote sites via a WAN, mitigate basic security threats, and understand the requirements for wireless network access. CCNA training covers (but is not limited to) the use of these protocols: IP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Serial Line Interface Protocol Frame Relay, Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2), VLANs, Ethernet, and access control lists (ACLs).<br />
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No prerequisites<br />
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Exams & Recommended Training<br />
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Required Exam(s)<br />
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Recommended Training<br />
640-802 CCNA <br />
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Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) v1.1<br />
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Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v1.1<br />
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OR<br />
640-822 ICND1 <br />
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Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) v1.1<br />
640-816 ICND2 <br />
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Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v1.1Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-26629799055241760932010-08-14T20:09:00.001-07:002010-08-14T20:11:11.310-07:00CCNA Question and Answer1 As system administrator, you type "debug ipx sap" and<br />receive the following lines as part of the IOS response: <br />type 0x4, "HELLO2", 199.0002.0003.0006 (451), 2 hops <br />type 0x4, "HELLO1", 199.0002.0003.0008 (451), 2 hops <br />What does "0x4" signify?<br /><br />A. That is a Get Nearest Server response.<br />B. That it is a General query. <br />C. That it is a General response. <br />D. That it is a Get Nearest Server request.<br /><br />Ans A<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />3 To monitor ipx traffic on a network, what command would you use?<br /><br />A. debug ipx transaction<br />B. show ipx traffic<br />C. show ipx events<br />D. display ipx traffic<br /><br />Ans B <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />4 What command would you use to find out the names of Novell <br />servers on a network?<br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />A. show ipx servers<br />B. show ipx hosts<br />C. show ipx sap<br />D. show ipx nodes. <br /><br />Ans A<br /><br />5 The "ipx delay number" command will allow an administrator to change the<br />default<br />settings. What are the default settings?<br /><br />A. For LAN interfaces, one tick; for WAN interfaces, six<br />ticks<br />B. For LAN interfaces, six ticks; for WAN interfaces, one<br />tick<br />C. For LAN interfaces, zero ticks; for WAN interfaces, five<br />ticks<br />D. For LAN interfaces, five ticks; for WAN interfaces, zero<br />Ticks<br /><br />Ans A<br />The default is--for LAN interfaces, one tick; <br />for WAN interfaces, six ticks<br /><br />6 As a system administrator, you need to set up one Ethernet<br />interface on the Cisco router to allow for both sap and <br />Novell-ether encapsulations. Which set of commands will<br />accomplish this?<br /><br />A. interface ethernet 0.1<br />ipx encapsulation Novell-ether <br />ipx network 9e <br />interface ethernet 0.2<br />ipx network 6c <br /><br />B. interface ethernet 0<br />ipx encapsulation Novell-ether <br />ipx network 9e <br />interface ethernet 0<br />ipx encapsulation sap <br />ipx network 6c <br /><br />C. interface ethernet 0.1 <br />ipx encapsulation Novell-ether <br />interface ethernet 0.2<br />ipx encapsulation sap <br /> <br /><br /><br /><br />D. interface ethernet 0.1<br />ipx encapsulation Novell-ether <br />ipx network 9e <br />interface ethernet 0.2<br />ipx encapsulation sap <br />ipx network 6c <br /><br />Ans D<br /><br /><br />The following commands setup the subinterfaces<br />to allow for two types of encapsulation: <br />interface ethernet 0.1<br />ipx encapsulation Novell-ether <br />ipx network 9e <br />interface ethernet 0.2<br />ipx encapsulation sap <br />ipx network 6c <br /><br />7 What does the "IPX maximum-paths 2" command accomplish? <br /><br />A. It enables load sharing on 2 paths if the paths are equal<br />metric paths. <br />B. It sets up routing to go to network 2.<br />C. It is the default for Cisco IPX load sharing.<br />D. It enables load sharing on 2 paths if the paths are<br />unequal metric paths.<br /><br />Ans A<br />It enables load sharing on 2 paths if the paths<br />are equal metric paths. The default is 1 path and the<br />maximum is 512 paths.<br /><br />8 You want to enable both arpa and snap encapsulation on one<br />router interface. How do you do this?<br /><br />A. The interface can handle multiple encapsulation types <br />with no extra configuration.<br />B. Assign two network numbers, one for each encapsulation <br />type.<br />C. Enable Novell-ether to run multiple encapsulation types. <br />D. Both arpa and snap are enabled by default so you don't<br />have to configure anything.<br /><br />Ans B <br />To assign multiple network numbers, you usually <br />use subinterfaces. A sample configuration follows:<br />ipx ethernet 0.1<br />ipx encapsulation novell-ether<br />ipx network 9e <br /> <br /><br /><br /><br />interface ethernet 0.2<br />ipx encapsulation sap <br />ipx network 6c <br /><br />8 By default, Cisco routers forward GNS SAPs to remote networks.<br /><br />A. False <br />B. True<br /><br />Ans A<br /><br />GNS is Novell's protocol to Get Nearest Server. <br />If there is a server on the local network, that server will<br />respond. If there isn't, the Cisco router has to be<br />configured to forward the GNS SAP. <br /><br />9 To prevent Service Advertisements (SAPs) from flooding a<br />network, Cisco routers do not forward them. How are<br />services advertised to other networks?<br /><br />A. Each router builds its own SAP table and forwards that <br />every 60 seconds.<br />B. Each router assigns a service number and broadcasts <br />that.<br />C. SAPs aren't necessary with Cisco routers.<br />D. Cisco routers filter out all SAPs.<br /><br />Ans: A <br />Cisco routers build SAP tables and forward the<br />table every 60 seconds. All SAPs can't be filtered even<br />with 4.x since NDS and time synchronization uses SAPs.<br /><br />10 Novell's implementation of RIP updates routing tables every<br />____ seconds.<br /><br />A. 60<br />B. 90 <br />C. 10 <br />D. 30<br /><br />Ans A<br />Novell's RIP updates routing tables every 60<br />seconds, Apple's RTMP is every 10 seconds, routers ARP every <br />60 seconds, IGRP signal every 90 seconds,<br />and Banyan VINES signals every 90 seconds.<br /> <br /><br /><br /><br />11 In Novell's use of RIP, there are two metrics used to make<br />routing decisions. Select the two metrics. <br /><br />A. Ticks. <br />B. Hops<br />C. Loops<br />D. Counts<br /><br />Ans:A &B <br />It first uses ticks (which is about 1/18 sec.); <br />if there is a tie, it uses hops; if hops are equal, then it<br />uses an administratively assigned tiebreaker.<br /><br />12 What is the Cisco name for the encapsulation type used on a<br />serial interface?<br /><br />A. HDLC <br />B. SDLC<br />C. SAP<br />D. SNAP <br /><br />Ans A<br /><br />13 "arpa" is used by the Cisco IOS for which encapsulation <br />types?<br /><br />A. Ethernet_II<br />B. Ethernet_802.3<br />C. Ethernet_802.2<br />D. Ethernet_SNAP<br /><br />Ans A<br />Novell's IPX and Cisco's IOS name their<br />protocols differently. Cisco uses sap for Ethernet_802.2,<br />Token-Ring, and Novell's FDDI_802.2. Cisco uses snap for<br />Ethernet_SNAP, Token-Ring_SNAP, and FDDI_SNAP. Cisco uses <br />arpa for Ethernet_II and, finally the default is<br />Novell-ether for Novell's Ethernet_802.3.<br /><br />14 "snap" is used by the Cisco IOS for which encapsulation <br />types?<br />A. Ethernet_SNAP<br />B. Token-Ring_SNAP<br />C. FDDI_SNAP<br />D. Novell-SNAP<br />E. Novell-FDDI.<br /><br />Ans: A,B &C <br />Novell's IPX and Cisco's IOS name their<br />protocols differently. Cisco uses sap for Ethernet_802.2,<br /> <br /><br /><br /><br />Token-Ring, and Novell's FDDI_802.2. Cisco uses snap for<br />Ethernet_SNAP, Token-Ring_SNAP, and FDDI_SNAP. Cisco uses <br />arpa for Ethernet_II and, finally the default is<br />Novell-ether for Novell's Ethernet_802.3.<br /><br />15"sap" is used by the Cisco IOS for which encapsulation<br />types?<br /><br />A. Ethernet_802.2<br />B. Token-Ring<br />C. FDDI_SNAP<br />D. Ethernet_802.3<br />E. FDDI_802.2<br /><br />Ans A,B &E <br /><br />Novell's IPX and Cisco's IOS name their<br />protocols differently. Cisco uses sap for Ethernet_802.2,<br />Token-Ring, and Novell's FDDI_802.2. Cisco uses snap for <br />Ethernet_SNAP, Token-Ring_SNAP, and FDDI_SNAP. Cisco uses <br />arpa for Ethernet_II and, finally the default is<br />Novell-ether for Novell's Ethernet_802.3.<br /><br />16 Which type of Ethernet framing is used for TCP/IP and<br />AppleTalk? <br /><br />A. Ethernet 802.3<br />B. Ethernet 802.2<br />C. Ethernet II<br />D. Ethernet SNAP <br /><br />Ans D<br />Ethernet 802.3 is used with NetWare versions 2 <br />through 3.11, Ethernet 802.2 is used with NetWare 3.12 and<br />later plus OSI routing, Ethernet II is used with TCP/IP and <br />DECnet, and Ethernet SNAP is used with TCP/IP and<br />AppleTalk.<br /><br />17 Which type of Ethernet framing is used for TCP/IP and<br />DECnet? <br /><br />A. Ethernet 802.3 <br />B. Ethernet 802.2<br />C. Ethernet II<br />D. Ethernet SNAP <br /><br />Ans: C <br />Ethernet 802.3 is used with NetWare versions 2 <br />through 3.11, Ethernet 802.2 is used with NetWare 3.12 and<br />later plus OSI routing, Ethernet II is used with TCP/IP and <br /> <br /><br /><br /><br />DECnet, and Ethernet SNAP is used with TCP/IP and AppleTalk.<br /><br />18 You are a system administrator on a NetWare network, you are<br />running NetWare 4.11 and you cannot communicate with your<br />router. What is the likely problem?<br /><br />A. NetWare 4.11 defaults to 802.2 encapsulation. <br />B. NetWare 4.11 defaults to 802.3 encapsulation<br />C. Cisco routers only work with NetWare 3.11.<br />D. NetWare 3.11 defaults to 802.2 encapsulation. <br /><br />Ans A<br />The default encapsulation on Cisco routers is <br />Novell Ethernet_802.3 and NetWare 3.12 and later defaults to<br />802.2 encapsulation, 3.11 and earlier defaults to 802.3.<br /><br />19 NetWare IPX addressing uses a network number and a node <br />number. Which statements are true?<br /><br />A. The network address is administratively assigned and can <br />be up to 16 hexadecimal digits long. <br />B. The node address is always administratively assigned. <br />C. The node address is usually the MAC address. <br />D. If the MAC address is used as the node address, then IPX <br />eliminates the use of ARP. <br /><br />Ans A, C &D <br /><br />The network address can be up to 16 <br />hexadecimal digits in length. The node number is 12 <br />hexadecimal digits. The node address is usually the MAC<br />address. An example IPX address is 4a1d.0000.0c56.de33. <br />The network part is 4a1d. The node part is 0000.0c56.de33.<br />The network number is assigned by the system administrator <br />of the Novell network.<br /><br />20 Which NetWare protocol works on layer 3--network layer--of<br />the OSI model? <br /><br />A. IPX<br />B. NCP<br />C. SPX <br />D. NetBIOS<br /><br />Ans A<br />IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) is a NetWare <br />network layer 3 protocol used for transferring information<br />on LANs. <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />2 To monitor IP igrp traffic, you can use "debug IP igrp<br />transaction" or "debug IP igrp events". How do you display<br />information about IPX routing update packets?<br /><br />A. debug routing<br />B. debug ipx transaction<br />C. debug ipx routing activity <br />D. debug ipx events <br /><br />Ans: CNetwork Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-61492335324641689502009-09-18T10:07:00.000-07:002009-09-18T10:08:50.179-07:00Telecommuter site considerations<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4hmGy1boolrLWpgqhmteGsowR57617JoQxSzufb_91hg2CBtY864TfCyTuld7ZznGif4KQNNuaIzuQEFT3tXlRV3qMxvzheXIshRYtzb33ura3mGZmKt7NmNoWhcYaeQEW2AhWOavTp4/s1600-h/hrtyt.png"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5382855487904482562" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 200px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 116px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4hmGy1boolrLWpgqhmteGsowR57617JoQxSzufb_91hg2CBtY864TfCyTuld7ZznGif4KQNNuaIzuQEFT3tXlRV3qMxvzheXIshRYtzb33ura3mGZmKt7NmNoWhcYaeQEW2AhWOavTp4/s200/hrtyt.png" border="0" /></a><br /><div><br />•Over the past decade the improvement of WAN technologies, notably DSL and cable modems, has allowed many employees to do their jobs remotely.<br />•As a result, the number of telecommuters and small offices has increased.<br />•As with the corporate and branch office solutions, the telecommuter site WAN solution should be selected by weighing cost and bandwidth requirements. </div>Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-23836008721752293332009-09-18T10:04:00.001-07:002009-09-18T10:05:38.781-07:00Branch office considerations<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnAvX7l36FAh8Z64BawBw-_1JmUrkC5Frr2w9JAtJkQrer657BsB0jIXfYXC8JYjx1wnQsYyjshYIT1NyjBu4CK5cbvl-fcmPKv_ZkCdK_krr-A6Y9pkX08NVdQgzpP7FUB39etaqq-r4/s1600-h/jjkk.png"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5382854639465431106" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 200px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 147px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnAvX7l36FAh8Z64BawBw-_1JmUrkC5Frr2w9JAtJkQrer657BsB0jIXfYXC8JYjx1wnQsYyjshYIT1NyjBu4CK5cbvl-fcmPKv_ZkCdK_krr-A6Y9pkX08NVdQgzpP7FUB39etaqq-r4/s200/jjkk.png" border="0" /></a><br /><div><br />•A branch office, commonly referred to as a remote site, typically maintains at least one WAN connection to the central site and may have several links to other remote sites.<br />•Generally, branch office networks support fewer users than the central site and therefore require less bandwidth.<br />•Because remote site traffic can be sporadic or bursty, it will be important to determine whether it is more cost-effective to offer a permanent or dialup solution</div>Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-33027127650237448862009-09-18T09:57:00.000-07:002009-09-18T10:01:38.176-07:00Central site considerations<img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5382853518356692754" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 200px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 136px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrLIReikQgHy8ynIuGSE04yvYHhjdBk1FF5hQqjs826a-rwUx4wERknZxiz1N74-cXwBQS6lqH49osoTV5tZuWgfE_zLFGbQbEp_K5V40SYVHGX6mHHESvk9wMD54P51hZdM-0HfIWByE/s200/jjj.png" border="0" /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0PKGb3yZl47V_7AR7J1ZveGpWrJxMtdKIkZWO0mi7AX8AdTH_iWHZRh-VVBuCbNg5BLP9MUcTh96RWpRSAhBmNy-ipXpGFivgcN8HIhw1vnFLp4uvu5xWlzeSOzopvAF9GqZeaOlrrII/s1600-h/hh.png"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5382853260924895314" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 200px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 138px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0PKGb3yZl47V_7AR7J1ZveGpWrJxMtdKIkZWO0mi7AX8AdTH_iWHZRh-VVBuCbNg5BLP9MUcTh96RWpRSAhBmNy-ipXpGFivgcN8HIhw1vnFLp4uvu5xWlzeSOzopvAF9GqZeaOlrrII/s200/hh.png" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><br />•The central site is the focal point of a company network.<br />•Typically, all remote sites and users must connect to the central site to access information, either intermittently or continuously.<br />•Because many users access this site in a variety of ways, a router at a central site should have a modular design so that interface modules can be added or swapped as needed. </div></div>Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-69238741648965135142009-09-09T11:06:00.001-07:002009-09-09T11:11:09.661-07:00CSU/DSU - Connectivity in Detail<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b><i>Point-to-Point Serial Links</i></b><o:p></o:p></p><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 18.65pt; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:9;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In the network at your job, most likely the serial interfaces on your<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cisco routers are not connected to each other directly.<span style=""> </span>They connect<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to a CSU/DSU, which supplies a clock rate to the router, allowing the<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">line protocol to stay up.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In the world of Cisco exams, and in your practice lab, there are<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">generally routers that have directly connected serial interfaces.<span style=""> </span>These<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">routers are connected to each other by a DCE/DTE cable; the DCE end<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of the cable will connect to the router that is acting as the CSU.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; text-align: justify; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 19.3pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;" ><o:p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></o:p></span><b>What’s The Line Protocol?</b><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:9;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 18.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">You’ll see a lot of discussion in CCNA and CCNP texts, but rarely does<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">anyone actually say what the line protocol </span><i>is.</i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">The Cisco IOS Command<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Reference defines the line protocol as "indicating whether the software<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">processes that handle the line protocol consider the line usable (that<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is, keepalives are successful) or whether it has been taken down by an<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">administrator."<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 18pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Translation:<span style=""> </span>When the line protocol is down, there’s a problem with<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the keepalives or the encapsulation type.</span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 21.3pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">To tell the DTE end from the DCE end before connecting it, look for a<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">small label wrapped around one or both of the cable ends.<span style=""> </span>That label<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">will indicate whether that is the DCE or DTE end.<span style=""> </span>If there is no label,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the connector itself may have DTE or DCE imprinted on it.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 18pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">After connecting the cable to the respective routers,<span style=""> </span>use </span><b>show</b><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>controller</b> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">to ensure the router sees the cable as a DCE or DTE.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 22pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:14;">R1#<b>show controller serial 1</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 16pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:14;">HD unit 1, idb = 0x107114, driver structure at 0x10C590<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 16pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:14;">buffer size 1524<span style=""> </span>HD unit 1, <b>V.35 DTE cable</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:9;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:9;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:9;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 16pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:14;">R3#<b>show controller serial 1</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 16.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:14;">HD unit 1, idb = 0xC7D1C, driver structure at 0xCCAA0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 16pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:14;">buffer size 1524<span style=""> </span>HD unit 1, <b>V.35 DCE cable</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:9;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:9;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 21.3pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The routers will not be able to communicate at this point, however.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Remember that when a serial interface connects to a CSU/DSU, the<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">interface receives clocking from that device.<span style=""> </span>There is no CSU/DSU<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">involved when two serial interfaces are directly connected; therefore,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">one of the devices must supply a clock rate to the other.<span style=""> </span>The DCE<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">interface must supply the clock rate to the DTE.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 19.3pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">R3(config)#int serial 1<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">R3(config-if)#<b>clockrate 56000<span style=""> </span></b><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><></i><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 13.3pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: <b>Line protocol on Interface Serial1, changed state to up</b><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">R3#ping 172.12.13.1<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 13.3pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Type escape sequence to abort.<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.12.13.1, timeout is 2 seconds:<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span lang="FR">!!!!!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:9;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 22pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b>In The REAL World…</b><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size:9;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 18.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">For exam purposes, you need to memorize the fact that the DCE is the<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">interface that needs to have the clock rate configured.<span style=""> </span>When you’re at<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">your practice rack, you’ll find out that you can’t put the clockrate on<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the DTE, because the router won’t let you!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 10.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'position:absolute;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.jpg" title=""> <w:wrap anchorx="page" anchory="page"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: -1; left: 0px; margin-left: 145px; margin-top: 236px; width: 576px; height: 80px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.jpg" shapes="_x0000_s1026" height="80" width="576" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Verdana;font-size:9;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt; color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 56.65pt; line-height: 14.65pt;"><br /><span style=";font-family:Verdana;color:black;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p>Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-48705343103327954462009-09-07T12:14:00.000-07:002009-09-09T11:14:00.709-07:00CSU/DSU - Channel service unit / Data Service Unit<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ-zkTXaQP_0ayT7GfnUXgy0F9eqiXnIgYv0qOEB4Heu0k95YzvNqYwE6AIZ2dGF1a3dFKcqEIU_wAg9UAg422z_rFhipkmxVXPZujwSqYpvmWtUUk7eHl8tQACZEOcdVyDNUdJ0xLFuU/s1600-h/Picture1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 235px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ-zkTXaQP_0ayT7GfnUXgy0F9eqiXnIgYv0qOEB4Heu0k95YzvNqYwE6AIZ2dGF1a3dFKcqEIU_wAg9UAg422z_rFhipkmxVXPZujwSqYpvmWtUUk7eHl8tQACZEOcdVyDNUdJ0xLFuU/s320/Picture1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5378807208817564754" border="0" /></a>Try to Learn about this device, This is not commonly shown in CCNA Labs.<br /><br /><p:colorscheme colors="#ffffff,#000000,#808080,#000000,#00cc99,#3333cc,#ccccff,#b2b2b2"> </p:colorscheme><div shape="_x0000_s1026"> <div class="O" style=""><span style="font-size:111;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 153); position: absolute; left: -3.58%; top: -0.18em;font-size:125;" >•</span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNKYGeOQyRcSOusg8lb8EYFNBrH5EKXnoB41Hw3mS9cXQ23O66ziK0kmhGcnIDMhHHLroh6TyoZSedTFBPeoHrzbyvW0gldnBa38aeNsxmcUv9y5QLGFudDdCh-27r5stmg2j1SfkYYxk/s1600-h/Picture2.png"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 102px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNKYGeOQyRcSOusg8lb8EYFNBrH5EKXnoB41Hw3mS9cXQ23O66ziK0kmhGcnIDMhHHLroh6TyoZSedTFBPeoHrzbyvW0gldnBa38aeNsxmcUv9y5QLGFudDdCh-27r5stmg2j1SfkYYxk/s320/Picture2.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5378807961053935778" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7QlFPONO8uN0B-Dki1FoDSGP5mAcZdY4zlIO7Fqe9LVKS1HKSUUgo0y5T5HQvXXQyCsp-fvdUdnarz0rxRv-agMQ6XD6QmmuGJ4NdSSi4m-SF5BB_ebzuqgQkjXZqyyjRI87GzxzrEvo/s1600-h/Picture3.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 82px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7QlFPONO8uN0B-Dki1FoDSGP5mAcZdY4zlIO7Fqe9LVKS1HKSUUgo0y5T5HQvXXQyCsp-fvdUdnarz0rxRv-agMQ6XD6QmmuGJ4NdSSi4m-SF5BB_ebzuqgQkjXZqyyjRI87GzxzrEvo/s320/Picture3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5378807351450546514" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:20;"><br /><br /><br /><br />The CSU/D</span><span style="font-size:20;">SU provides signal timing for communication and is used for </span><span style="font-size:20;">interfacing with the digital transmission facility. </span></div> <div class="O" style=""><span style="font-size:111;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 153); position: absolute; left: -3.48%; top: -0.18em;font-size:125;" >•</span></span><span style="font-size:20;">Essentially, the CSU/DSU is used by a router to connect to a digital line in </span><span style="font-size:20;">much the same way that a PC uses a modem to connect to an analog line. </span></div> <div class="O" style=""><span style="font-size:111;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 153); position: absolute; left: -4.11%; top: -0.18em;font-size:125;" >•</span></span><span style="font-size:20;">A CSU/DSU for T1 will typically provide: </span></div> <div class="O1" style=""><span style="font-size:111;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 153); position: absolute; left: -3.5%;">–</span></span><span style="font-size:20;">Framing: ESF, D4(SF) </span></div> <div class="O1" style=""><span style="font-size:111;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 153); position: absolute; left: -3.5%;">–</span></span><span style="font-size:20;">Line Coding: AMI, B8ZS </span></div> <div class="O1" style=""><span style="font-size:111;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 153); position: absolute; left: -3.5%;">–</span></span><span style="font-size:20;">Multiplexing </span></div> <div class="O1" style=""><span style="font-size:111;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 153); position: absolute; left: -3.5%;">–</span></span><span style="font-size:20;">Cabling to Router: V.35, RS-232 </span></div> <div class="O1" style=""><span style="font-size:111;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 153, 153); position: absolute; left: -3.5%;">–</span></span><span style="font-size:20;">(more on these later)<br /></span> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">The CSU/DSU may also be built into the router. Like the card shown below.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><div shape="_x0000_s1026" class="O"><div style=""><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIazS0F6BWwnju_g2XRi6GE06LZoSthWy5pGx-eUekSAxhzBlWB6NaWzowFbuM4fetJBqEtoG3SPFvI5m_41U2Za0cUkG3xg7Q9AW1xiyq3cAdhzR2mqy9rxDD96sU5AIWpwnMx0TGgjk/s1600-h/Picture4.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 155px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIazS0F6BWwnju_g2XRi6GE06LZoSthWy5pGx-eUekSAxhzBlWB6NaWzowFbuM4fetJBqEtoG3SPFvI5m_41U2Za0cUkG3xg7Q9AW1xiyq3cAdhzR2mqy9rxDD96sU5AIWpwnMx0TGgjk/s200/Picture4.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5378809346141440690" border="0" /></a></div> </div><br /></div> </div>Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-34198362709102000582009-09-07T11:10:00.000-07:002009-09-07T11:24:36.847-07:00Master CCNA Commands for all TopicsCisco Commands are very important to implement and trouble shoot a network. Master CCNA Commands for all the below given Topics.<br /><br />Download the Command guide here: <br /><br /><a href="http://www.filefactory.com/file/ah64d7a/n/CCNA_commands_rar"><span style="font-weight:bold;">http://www.filefactory.com/file/ah64d7a/n/CCNA_commands_rar</span><br /></a><br />Introduction xxi<br />Part I TCP/IP Version 4 <br />Chapter 1 How to Subnet<br />Chapter 2 VLSM <br />Chapter 3 Route Summarization <br />Part II Introduction to Cisco Devices <br />Chapter 4 Cables and Connections <br />Chapter 5 The Command-Line Interface <br />Part III Configuring a Router <br />Chapter 6 Configuring a Single Cisco Router <br />Part IV Routing <br />Chapter 7 Static Routing <br />Chapter 8 RIP 75<br />Chapter 9 EIGRP 81<br />Chapter 10 Single Area OSPF <br />Part V Switching 103<br />Chapter 11 Configuring a Switch <br />Chapter 12 VLANs 117<br /> <br /> ix<br /> <br />Chapter 13 VLAN Trunking Protocol and Inter-VLAN Routing <br />Chapter 14 STP and EtherChannel <br />Part VI Extending the LAN <br />Chapter 15 Implementing a Wireless LAN <br />Part VII Network Administration and Troubleshooting <br />Chapter 16 Backing Up and Restoring Cisco IOS Software and<br />Configurations <br /> <br /> <br />x<br /><br /><br />Chapter 17 Password-Recovery Procedures and the Configuration<br />Register 193<br />Chapter 18 Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) <br />Chapter 19 Telnet and SSH <br />Chapter 20 The ping and traceroute Commands <br />Chapter 21 SNMP and Syslog <br />Chapter 22 Basic Troubleshooting <br />Part VIII Managing IP Services <br />Chapter 23 Network Address Translation <br />Chapter 24 DHCP <br />Chapter 25 IPv6 <br />Part IX WANs 249<br />Chapter 26 HDLC and PPP <br />Chapter 27 Frame Relay <br />Part X Network Security <br />Chapter 28 IP Access Control List Security <br />Chapter 29 Security Device Manager <br /><br />Download the Command guide here:<br /><a href="http://www.filefactory.com/file/ah64d7a/n/CCNA_commands_rar"><br />http://www.filefactory.com/file/ah64d7a/n/CCNA_commands_rar</a>Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-55918451233887257282009-09-07T09:37:00.000-07:002009-09-07T10:22:19.066-07:00CCNA® Routing & Switching Certification - SYLLABUSCCNA® Routing & Switching Certification<br /><br />1.The CCNA certification validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks.<br /><br />2.CCNA certified professionals have the knowledge and skills to make connections to remote sites via a WAN, mitigate basic security threats, and understand the requirements for wireless network access. <br /><br />3.CCNA training covers (but is not limited to) the use of these protocols: IP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Serial Line Interface Protocol Frame Relay, Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2), VLANs, Ethernet, and access control lists (ACLs).<br /><br /><br /><br />You can take CCNA Exam As combined (ICND1+ICND2)<br /> <br />Like: 640-802 CCNA Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) +<br /><br />Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2)<br /> <br /><br />OR Separately<br /><br />Like: 640-822 ICND1 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1)<br /> <br />640-816 ICND2 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2)<br /> <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />640-822 ICND1 -CCENT</span><br />Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1<br />Exam Number: 640-822 ICND1 <br />Associated Certifications: CCENT and CCNA <br />Duration: 90 minutes (40-50 questions) <br />Available Languages: English, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Korean, French, Portuguese <br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">640-822 ICND1 Exam Topics</span><br /><br />Exam Description-ICND1<br />The 640-822 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) is the exam associated with the Cisco Certified Entry Network Technician certification and a tangible first step in achieving the Cisco Certified Network Associate certification. Candidates can prepare for this exam by taking the Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) v1.0 course. This exam tests a candidate's knowledge and skills required to successfully install, operate, and troubleshoot a small branch office network. The exam includes topics on networking fundamentals; connecting to a WAN; basic security and wireless concepts; routing and switching fundamentals; the TCP/IP and OSI models; IP addressing; WAN technologies; operating and configuring IOS devices; configuring RIPv2, static and default routing; implementing NAT and DHCP; and configuring simple networks.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />640-816 ICND2</span><br />Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices - Part 2<br />Exam Number: 640-816 ICND2 <br />Associated Certifications: CCNA <br />Duration: 75 minutes (40-50 questions) <br />Available Languages: English, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Korean, French, Portuguese <br /><br />Exam Description -ICND2<br /><br />The 640-816 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) is the exam associated with the Cisco Certified Network Associate certification. Candidates can prepare for this exam by taking the Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v1.0 course. This exam tests a candidate's knowledge and skills required to successfully install, operate, and troubleshoot a small to medium size enterprise branch network. The exam covers topics on VLSM and IPv6 addressing; extending switched networks with VLANs; configuring, verifying and troubleshooting VLANs; the VTP, RSTP, OSPF and EIGRP protocols; determining IP routes; managing IP traffic with access lists; NAT and DHCP; establishing point-to- point connections; and establishing Frame Relay connections.<br /><br /><br />I Suggest you take CCNA as a whole i.e ICND1+ICND2, This would save time and money. While preparing for the exam you can start from CCENT for better understanding. Success is always in mastering Fundamentals. Try to master trouble shooting skills because most of the questions in CCNA can be tackled if you are proficient in this domain. Moreover, this skill will help you in obtaining your next level cisco certifications with ease and to land in your desired Job.<br /><br /><br />By,<br /><br />Fayaz C.BNetwork Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-5680495485283659742009-09-06T12:36:00.000-07:002009-09-06T12:39:54.125-07:00Why You Need To Practice On Virtual Labs ?The CCNA virtual lab has become a good alternative to building a real lab using used or new Cisco equipment. The traditional problem with using physical Cisco equipment is that it is very expensive and still might not have all the features you need to pass the CCNA exam. I highly recommend using a simulation for this reason. Here are 3 reasons why you need a Cisco router simulator to help you prepare for the CCNA as well as your career beyond the CCNA:<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Simulation Questions In The CCNA Test -</span> Cisco has put many simulation-type questions into the CCNA in order to test the candidate's ability to troubleshoot and configure network devices in a real life situation. The weight of these questions with regards to the final CCNA score is generally agreed to be very high, although only Cisco knows for sure. It is thus crucial to get proper practice for this section of the already difficult CCNA. One of the best ways to get your hands-on practice without incurring huge costs is to use a CCNA virtual lab. <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Memory Retention </span>- Actually going and doing some actual configuration of the network devices will allow you to remember and understand the difficult CCNA concepts better. Networking is most definitely a practical subject, and although reading the books and understanding the theories from the books is definitely important, actually doing the configuration and troubleshooting will cement that theoretical knowledge in your mind. A Cisco router simulator is an excellent way to get this crucial practice. <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Important For Employers - </span>Beyond the CCNA, it is quite common these days to have a technical interview for any new networking job. Employers need to be certain that candidates have the technical skills necessary to do the job well. Even if you are technically qualified and have the necessary certifications, very often you will be asked to demonstrate your technical skills in a technical style interview. These kind of questions will usually revolve around troubleshooting skills which are highly valued by many employers these days. A CCNA virtual lab is the perfect way to get these highly valuable troubleshooting skills without spending too much.Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-64641220399777585202009-09-05T12:35:00.000-07:002009-09-05T12:47:33.223-07:00CCNA Important QuestionsPrepare for your CCNA exam from this CCNA question pdf. and<br />Score high mark in your CCNA Test.<br /><br />Download here : <a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/130461449/fbc5b61f/CCNA_important_Questions.html">http://www.4shared.com/file/130461449/fbc5b61f/CCNA_important_Questions.html</a><br /><br /><br /><br />You can request for CCNA test Simulator. It will be very comprehensive and interactive.Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-29712748139488071422009-09-05T12:02:00.000-07:002009-09-05T12:08:34.185-07:00CCNA Voice NotesDownload this CCNA Voice study guide which will help you in passing the exam.<br /><br /><br />http://www.4shared.com/file/130455590/feb7f746/CCNA_Voice_Latest.htmlNetwork Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-31133634294485091552009-09-04T11:56:00.000-07:002009-09-04T11:59:50.673-07:00How To Become A True CCNA And To Get A CCNA job<div id="body"> <p>The CCNA is an exciting beginning to your Cisco career, but just having the certification simply isn't enough. A recruiter or interviewer isn't going to be impressed just with the cert; you've got to have some real-world knowledge to back it up.</p> <p>I've been down that road myself, and sat on both sides of the CCNA job interview table. With that in mind, I'd like to offer to you some tips on becoming a truly valuable and employable CCNA.</p> <p><b>Get some hands-on experience. </b>I know the trap well; you can't get experience until you get a CCNA, and you can't get a CCNA without real experience. Well, actually, you can, but do you <b>want </b>to? Working on simulators is fine to a certain extent, but don't make the classic mistake of depending on them. I've seen plenty of CCNAs who were put in front of a set of routers and really didn't know what to do or how to put together a simple configuration, and had NO idea how to begin troubleshooting.</p> <p>There are CCNA classes that offer you the chance to work with industry experts on real Cisco equipment. Beyond that, you can put together your own CCNA rack for less than $1000 by buying used routers. Some people think that's a lot of money, but this is the foundation of your career. Treat it that way. The work you do now is the most important work you'll ever do. Do it on real Cisco equipment. The skills I learned as a CCNA helped me all the way up to the CCIE.</p> <p>Besides, after you get your CCNA (and after that, hopefully you'll choose to pursue the CCNP), you can always get some of your money back by selling the equipment. The hands-on experience you gain this way is invaluable.</p> <p><b>Know binary math. </b>Do NOT go the easy route of memorizing a subnet mask chart for the CCNA exam. I know some people brag about being able to pass the CCNA exam without really understanding binary math. I've seen those people on the other side of the interview table, and they're not laughing when I ask them to do a subnetting question. They're not laughing when they can't explain or create a VLSM scheme. That chart does nothing to help you understand what's going on.</p> <p>If you can add and know the difference between a one and a zero, you can do binary math. Don't let the name intimidate you. Become a REAL CCNA -- learn binary math !</p> <p><b>Run "show" and "debug" commands. </b>No commands help you truly understand how things work in a Cisco network than show and debug commands. As you progress through the Cisco certification ranks, you'll be glad you started using these at the CCNA level.</p> <p>Do you need to know these commands for the exam? Probably not. Do you need them to be successul in the real world? <b><i>Absolutely.</i></b></p> <p>The Cisco certification track has been great to me, and it can boost your career as well, whether you stop at the CCNA, CCNP, or go all the way to the CCIE. It's the skills you develop today that will truly make you a networking engineer. Don't take shortcuts or get the attitude of "just passing the exam".</p> <p>It's what you achieve <b><i>after</i></b> the exam that counts, and it's the work you put in <b><i>before </i></b>passing the exam that makes those achievements possible.</p></div>Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-34595859213533295842009-09-04T11:24:00.000-07:002009-09-04T11:35:21.860-07:00Other IT Certifications -(MCSE)<span style="font-weight: bold;">IT Certification Tips</span><br /><br /><br />Getting Certification is a cherished vision for every person, who desires to be recognized as a certified professional in the IT industry. Industry experts advocate going for more and more certifications these days. More the number of certifications you have, the more value you add to your organization!<br />Certification, undoubtedly, is one of the coveted affixes and a fundamental official recognition in the portfolio of a IT professional. It is believed that qualifying any certification exam acts as a great morale booster. This article highlights the tips to keep in mind while preparing and attempting any Certification exam.<br /><br /><br />Follow These Tips<br /><br /><br />Read Lot of Books on Certification: Inculcate the habit to read a lot on certifications. Usually human brain tends to have extended recall of what has been read a few times.<br /><br /><br />Make Notes: Ensure that you take notes of what you learn either while attending classroom sessions or reading study material. Latest Industry Information: Stay up to date with the technologies and latest happenings in the industry.<br /><br />Don't Act in Haste: Don't scuttle while attempting the test. Always read the question carefully before you look out for choices in hand.<br /><br />Devote an ample amount of time: Devote some time to ponder and think of the possibly correct answer before selecting one from the given choices. Be Cautious! Ensure that you interpret all the options correctly before selecting from available choices.<br /><br />Follow Your Instincts: If you get confused and can't think of the answer with self-reliance, follow your instincts.<br /><br />Use Common Sense: Use your common sense while answering the questions. It will be the best deal.<br /><br />Take Your Own Time: Make the most of the time period for answering the test questions. Don't' haste.<br /><br />Stay Informed: Ensure that you refer to the most up-to-date and modernized versions of study materials for certification exam preparation.<br />Just remember these tips and you will triumph the computer Certification<br /><br />Refer my blog for MCSE certification materials.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">http://networksavvy.blogspot.com/</span>Network Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4252800893584630829.post-47842387162563350552009-09-03T12:00:00.000-07:002009-09-03T12:07:48.073-07:00Router Memory Components<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvJuBI4dNVNVqxy4ouq91_BYiVZgUTnSdQNDyBSomji4YuqYdawJv0RvBbreQlnAvT7MWuxz7BedLzliClatl8YxKfwTMYvh6YTUDugsNh2P_MPiWwffrxFAkZ8-6vcSY_797uN5o4X9Q/s1600-h/Picture1.png"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 221px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvJuBI4dNVNVqxy4ouq91_BYiVZgUTnSdQNDyBSomji4YuqYdawJv0RvBbreQlnAvT7MWuxz7BedLzliClatl8YxKfwTMYvh6YTUDugsNh2P_MPiWwffrxFAkZ8-6vcSY_797uN5o4X9Q/s320/Picture1.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5377319801736446514" /></a><br /><br />Learn about Router Memory Components<br /><br />1.Processor <br />2.Interfaces <br />3.Memory <br /><br /><strong><br />Download this Router Memory ppt from here.</strong> <br /><br /><br />http://www.4shared.com/file/129960703/202a15aa/Router_Memory_Components.htmlNetwork Savvyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13064623696251452972noreply@blogger.com0