CCNA Study Technique

About Juniper - Feel it !!!

2011-10-17T23:48:00.000-07:00

Guys, recently I passed Juniper JNCIA, It was kinda cool exam. My juniper endeavor started when I stepped into ISP domain. You cannot survive without knowing about Juniper in ISP world. I started working on all service Routers, most of them are very powerful High end routers. It was bit challenging when I first started using this product, now its fun working on this box. What I learned from using different vendor product is " deeper understanding of technology ", To paraphrase it, I would say you learn better what you learned in the first place with Cisco. JNCIA is equivalent to CCNA, but from exam perspective it is lot simpler than CCNA. The CLI method in JunOS is totally ironic to Cisco CLI. It will take some time and practice to master it. I am just working on this area as well. I suggest you guys to keep an eye on multiple vendor products rather than sticking on to one product. To start with Cisco (CCNA) is right choice. As you move on the ladder of networking, try to taste and feel all competitive products.

EIGRP Frequently Asked Questions

2011-10-17T06:10:00.000-07:00

Questions
Introduction
Does EIGRP require an ip default−network command to propagate a default route?
Should I always use the eigrp log−neighbor−changes command when I configure EIGRP?
Does EIGRP support secondary addresses?
What debugging capabilities does EIGRP have?
What does the word serno mean on the end of an EIGRP topology entry when you issue the show ip
eigrp topology command?
What percent of bandwidth and processor resources does EIGRP use?
Does EIGRP support aggregation and variable length subnet masks?
Does EIGRP support areas?
Can I configure more than one EIGRP autonomous system on the same router?
If there are two EIGRP processes that run and two equal paths are learned, one by each EIGRP
process, do both routes get installed?
What does the EIGRP stuck in active message mean?
What does the neighbor statement in the EIGRP configuration section do?
Why does the EIGRP passive−interface command remove all neighbors for an interface?
Why are routes received from one neighbor on a point−to−multipoint interface that runs EIGRP not
propagated to another neighbor on the same point−to−multipoint interface?
When I configure EIGRP, how can I configure a network statement with a mask?
I have two routes: 172.16.1.0/24 and 172.16.1.0/28. How can I deny 172.16.1.0/28 while I allow
172.16.1.0/24 in EIGRP?
I have a router that runs Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) and EIGRP. Who does load−balancing
when there are multiple links to a destination?
How can I use only one path when a router has two equal cost paths?
What is the difference in metric calculation between EIGRP and IGRP?
What is the EIGRP Stub Routing feature?
How can I send a default route to the Stub router from the hub?
How EIGRP behaves over a GRE tunnel compared to a directly connected network?
What is an offset−list, and how is it useful?
How can I tag external routes in EIGRP?
What are the primary functions of the PDM?
What are the various load−balancing options available in EIGRP?
Related Information

ANSWERS FOR THE ABOVE QUESTIONS
Introduction
This document contains frequently asked questions (FAQs) about IP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (EIGRP).
Q. Does EIGRP require an ip default−network command to propagate a
default route?
A. Although EIGRP can propagate a default route using the default network method, it is not
required. EIGRP redistributes default routes directly.

Q. Should I always use the eigrp log−neighbor−changes command when
I configure EIGRP?
A. Yes, this command makes it easy to determine why an EIGRP neighbor was reset. This
reduces troubleshooting time.
Q. Does EIGRP support secondary addresses?
A. EIGRP does support secondary addresses. Since EIGRP always sources data packets from
the primary address, Cisco recommends that you configure all routers on a particular subnet
with primary addresses that belong to the same subnet. Routers do not form EIGRP neighbors
over secondary networks. Therefore, if all of the primary IP addresses of routers do not agree,
problems can arise with neighbor adjacencies.
Q. What debugging capabilities does EIGRP have?
A. There are protocol−independent and −dependent debug commands. There is also a suite of
show commands that display neighbor table status, topology table status, and EIGRP traffic
statistics. Some of these commands are:
¨ show ip eigrp neighbors
¨ show ip eigrp interfaces
¨ show ip eigrp topology
¨ show ip eigrp traffic
Q. What does the word serno mean on the end of an EIGRP topology
entry when you issue the show ip eigrp topology command?
A. For example:
show ip eigrp topology
P 172.22.71.208/29, 2 successors, FD is 46163456
via 172.30.1.42 (46163456/45651456), Serial0.2, serno 7539273
via 172.30.2.49 (46163456/45651456), Serial2.6, serno 7539266
Serno stands for serial number. When DRDBs are threaded to be sent, they are assigned a
serial number. If you display the topology table at the time an entry is threaded, it shows you
the serial number associated with the DRDB.
Threading is the technique used inside the router to queue items up for transmission to
neighbors. The updates are not created until it is time for them to go out the interface. Before
that, a linked list of pointers to items to send is created (for example, the thread).
These sernos are local to the router and are not passed with the routing update.
Q. What percent of bandwidth and processor resources does EIGRP
use?
A. EIGRP version 1 introduced a feature that prevents any single EIGRP process from using
more than fifty percent of the configured bandwidth on any link during periods of network
convergence. Each AS or protocol (for instance, IP, IPX, or Appletalk) serviced by EIGRP is
a separate process. You can use the ip bandwidth−percent eigrp interface configuration
command in order to properly configure the bandwidth percentage on each WAN interface.
Refer to the EIGRP White Paper for more information on how this feature works.
In addition, the implementation of partial and incremental updates means that EIGRP sends
routing information only when a topology change occurs. This feature significantly reduces
bandwidth use.
The feasible successor feature of EIGRP reduces the amount of processor resources used by
an autonomous system (AS). It requires only the routers affected by a topology change to
perform route re−computation. The route re−computation only occurs for routes that were
affected, which reduces search time in complex data structures.
Q. Does EIGRP support aggregation and variable length subnet masks?
A. Yes, EIGRP supports aggregation and variable length subnet masks (VLSM). Unlike Open
Shortest Path First (OSPF), EIGRP allows summarization and aggregation at any point in the
network. EIGRP supports aggregation to any bit. This allows properly designed EIGRP
networks to scale exceptionally well without the use of areas. EIGRP also supports automatic
summarization of network addresses at major network borders.
Q. Does EIGRP support areas?
A. No, a single EIGRP process is analogous to an area of a link−state protocol. However,
within the process, information can be filtered and aggregated at any interface boundary. In
order to bound the propagation of routing information, you can use summarization to create a
hierarchy.
Q. Can I configure more than one EIGRP autonomous system on the
same router?
A. Yes, you can configure more than one EIGRP autonomous system on the same router. This
is typically done at a redistribution point where two EIGRP autonomous systems are
interconnected. Individual router interfaces should only be included within a single EIGRP
autonomous system.
Cisco does not recommend running multiple EIGRP autonomous systems on the same set of
interfaces on the router. If multiple EIGRP autonomous systems are used with multiple points
of mutual redistribution, it can cause discrepancies in the EIGRP topology table if correct
filtering is not performed at the redistribution points. If possible, Cisco recommends you
configure only one EIGRP autonomous system in any single autonomous system. You can
also use another protocol, such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), in order to connect the
two EIGRP autonomous systems.
Q. If there are two EIGRP processes that run and two equal paths are
learned, one by each EIGRP process, do both routes get installed?
A. No, only one route is installed. The router installs the route that was learned through the
EIGRP process with the lower Autonomous System (AS) number. In Cisco IOS Software
Releases earlier than 12.2(7)T, the router installed the path with the latest timestamp received
from either of the EIGRP processes. The change in behavior is tracked by Cisco bug ID
CSCdm47037.

Q. What does the EIGRP stuck in active message mean?
A. When EIGRP returns a stuck in active (SIA) message, it means that it has not received a
reply to a query. EIGRP sends a query when a route is lost and another feasible route does not
exist in the topology table. The SIA is caused by two sequential events:
¨ The route reported by the SIA has gone away.
¨ An EIGRP neighbor (or neighbors) have not replied to the query for that route.
When the SIA occurs, the router clears the neighbor that did not reply to the query. When this
happens, determine which neighbor has been cleared. Keep in mind that this router can be
many hops away. Refer to What Does the EIGRP DUAL−3−SIA Error Message Mean? for
more information.
Q. What does the neighbor statement in the EIGRP configuration section
do?
A. The neighbor command is used in EIGRP in order to define a neighboring router with
which to exchange routing information. Due to the current behavior of this command, EIGRP
exchanges routing information with the neighbors in the form of unicast packets whenever the
neighbor command is configured for an interface. EIGRP stops processing all multicast
packets that come inbound on that interface. Also, EIGRP stops sending multicast packets on
that interface.
The ideal behavior of this command is for EIGRP to start sending EIGRP packets as unicast
packets to the specified neighbor, but not stop sending and receiving multicast packets on that
interface. Since the command does not behave as intended, the neighbor command should be
used carefully, understanding the impact of the command on the network.
Q. Why does the EIGRP passive−interface command remove all
neighbors for an interface?
A. The passive−interface command disables the transmission and receipt of EIGRP hello
packets on an interface. Unlike IGRP or RIP, EIGRP sends hello packets in order to form and
sustain neighbor adjacencies. Without a neighbor adjacency, EIGRP cannot exchange routes
with a neighbor. Therefore, the passive−interface command prevents the exchange of routes
on the interface. Although EIGRP does not send or receive routing updates on an interface
configured with the passive−interface command, it still includes the address of the interface
in routing updates sent out of other non−passive interfaces. Refer to How Does the Passive
Interface Feature Work in EIGRP? for more information.
Q. Why are routes received from one neighbor on a point−to−multipoint
interface that runs EIGRP not propagated to another neighbor on the
same point−to−multipoint interface?
A. The split horizon rule prohibits a router from advertising a route through an interface that
the router itself uses to reach the destination. In order to disable the split horizon behavior,
use the no ip split−horizon eigrp as−number interface command. Some important points to
remember about EIGRP split horizon are:
¨ Split horizon behavior is turned on by default.
When you change the EIGRP split horizon setting on an interface, it resets all
adjacencies with EIGRP neighbors reachable over that interface.
¨ Split horizon should only be disabled on a hub site in a hub−and−spoke network.
Disabling split horizon on the spokes radically increases EIGRP memory
consumption on the hub router, as well as the amount of traffic generated on the
spoke routers.
¨
The EIGRP split horizon behavior is not controlled or influenced by the ip
split−horizon command.
¨
For more information on split horizon and poison reverse, refer to Split Horizon and Poison
Reverse. For more information on commands, refer to EIGRP Commands.
Q. When I configure EIGRP, how can I configure a network statement
with a mask?
A. The optional network−mask argument was first added to the network statement in Cisco
IOS Software Release 12.0(4)T. The mask argument can be configured in any format (such as
in a network mask or in wild card bits). For example, you can use network 10.10.10.0
255.255.255.252 or network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.3.
Q. I have two routes: 172.16.1.0/24 and 172.16.1.0/28. How can I deny
172.16.1.0/28 while I allow 172.16.1.0/24 in EIGRP?
A. In order to do this you need to use a prefix−list as shown here:
router eigrp 100
network 172.16.0.0
distribute−list prefix test in
auto−summary
no eigrp log−neighbor−changes
!
ip prefix−list test seq 5 permit 172.16.1.0/24
This allows only the 172.16.1.0/24 prefix and therefore denies 172.16.1.0/28.
Note: The use of ACL and distribute−list under EIGRP does not work in this case. This is
because ACLs do not check the mask, they just check the network portion. Since the network
portion is the same, when you allow 172.16.1.0/24, you also allow 172.16.1.0/28.
Q. I have a router that runs Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) and EIGRP.
Who does load−balancing when there are multiple links to a destination?
A. The way in which CEF works is that CEF does the switching of the packet based on the
routing table which is populated by the routing protocols such as EIGRP. In short, CEF does
the load−balancing once the routing protocol table is calculated. Refer to How Does Load
Balancing Work? for more information on load balancing.
Q. How can I use only one path when a router has two equal cost paths?
A. Configure the bandwidth value on the interfaces to default, and increase the delay on the
backup interface so that the router does not see two equal cost paths.
Q. What is the difference in metric calculation between EIGRP and IGRP?
A. The EIGRP metric is obtained when you multiply the IGRP metric by 256. The IGRP uses
only 24 bits in its update packet for the metric field, but EIGRP uses 32 bits in its update packet for the metric field. For example, the IGRP metric to a destination network is 8586,
but the EIGRP metric is 8586 x 256 = 2,198,016. Integer division is used when you divide
10^7 by minimum BW, so the calculation involves integer division, which leads to a variation
from manual calculation.
Q. What is the EIGRP Stub Routing feature?
A. The Stub routing feature is used to conserve bandwidth by summarizing and filtering
routes. Only specified routes are propagated from the remote (Stub) router to the distribution
router because of the Stub routing feature. For more information about the stub routing
feature, refer to EIGRP Stub Routing. The EIGRP stub feature can be configured on the
switch with the eigrp stub command, and it can be removed with the no eigrp stub. When
you remove the eigrp stub command from the switch, the switch that runs the IP Base image
throws the error:
EIGRP is restricted to stub configurations only
This issue can be resolved if you upgrade to Advanced Enterprise Images. This error is
documented in CSCeh58135.
Q. How can I send a default route to the Stub router from the hub?
A. Do this under the outbound interface on the hub router with the ip summary−address
eigrp X 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 command. This command suppresses all the more specific routes and
only sends the summary route. In the case of the 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0, it means it suppresses
everything, and the only route that is in the outbound update is 0.0.0.0/0. One drawback to
this method is that EIGRP installs a 0.0.0.0/0 route to Null0 is the local routing table with an
admin distance of 5.
Q. How EIGRP behaves over a GRE tunnel compared to a directly
connected network?
A. EIGRP will use the same administrative distance and metric calculation for the GRE
tunnel. The cost calculation is based on bandwidth and delay. The bandwidth and delay of the
GRE tunnel will be taken from the tunnel interface configured on the router. The tunnel will
also be treated like a directly connected network. If there are two paths to reach a network
either through a VLAN interface or tunnel interface, EIGRP prefers the Virtual−Access
Interface (VAI) VLAN interface because the VLAN interface has greater bandwidth than the
tunnel interface. In order to influence the routing through the tunnel interface, increase the
bandwidth parameter of the tunnel interface, or increase the delay parameter of the VLAN
interface.
Q. What is an offset−list, and how is it useful?
A. The offset−list is an feature used to modify the composite metrics in EIGRP. The value
configured in the offset−list command is added to the delay value calculated by the router for
the route matched by an access−list. An offset−list is the preferred method to influence a
particular path that is advertised and/or chosen.
Q. How can I tag external routes in EIGRP?
A. You can tag routes that EIGRP has learned from another routing protocol using a 32 bit tag
value. Starting with ddts CSCdw22585, internal routes can also be tagged. However, the tag value cannot exceed 255 due to packet limitations for internal routes.
Q. What are the primary functions of the PDM?
A. EIGRP supports 3 protocol suites: IP, IPv6, and IPX. Each of them has its own PDM.
These are the primary functions of PDM:
Maintaining the neighbor and topology tables of EIGRP routers that belong to that
protocol suite
¨
¨ Building and translating protocol specific packets for DUAL
¨ Interfacing DUAL to the protocol specific routing table
Computing the metric and passing this information to DUAL; DUAL handles only
the picking of the feasible successors (FSs)
¨
¨ Implement filtering and access lists.
¨ Perform redistribution functions to/from other routing protocols.
Q. What are the various load−balancing options available in EIGRP?
A. The offset−list can be used to modify the metrics of routes that EIGRP learns through a
particular interface, or PBR can be used.

OSPF: Frequently Asked Questions

2011-10-17T05:57:00.000-07:00

Questions
Introduction
Why are loopbacks advertised as /32 host routes in OSPF?
How do I change the reference bandwidth in OSPF?
How does OSPF calculate its metric or cost?
Are OSPF routing protocol exchanges authenticated?
What is the link−state retransmit interval, and what is the command to set it?
What is the purpose of the variable IP−OSPF−Transmit−Delay?
Is it true that only the static option of the virtual link in OSPF allows discontiguous
networks, regardless of the mask propagation properties?
Are the multicast IP addresses mapped to MAC−level multicast addresses?
Does the Cisco OSPF implementation support IP TOS−based routing?
Does the offset−list subcommand work for OSPF?
Can an OSPF default be originated into the system based on external information on a
router that does not itself have a default?
Can I use the distribute−list in/out command with OSPF to filter routes?
How can I give preference to OSPF interarea routes over intra−area routes?
Do I need to manually set up adjacencies for routers on the Switched Multimegabit Data
Service (SMDS) cloud with the OSPF neighbor subcommand?
When routes are redistributed between OSPF processes, are all shortest path first
algorithm (SPF) metrics preserved, or is the default metric value used?
How does Cisco accommodate OSPF routing on partial−mesh Frame Relay networks?
Which address−wild−mask pair should I use for assigning an unnumbered interface to
an area?
Can I have one numbered side and leave the other side unnumbered in OSPF?
Why do I receive the "cannot allocate router id" error message when I configure Router
OSPF One?
Why do I receive the "unknown routing protocol" error message when I configure
Router OSPF One?
What do the states DR, BDR, and DROTHER mean in show ip ospf interface command
output?
When I issue the show ip ospf neighbor command, why do I only see FULL/DR and
FULL/BDR, with all other neighbors showing 2−WAY/DROTHER?
Why do I not see OSPF neighbors as FULL/DR or FULL/BDR on my serial link?
Do I need any special commands to run OSPF over BRI/PRI links?
Do I need any special commands to run OSPF over asynchronous links?
Which Cisco IOS Software release began support for per−interface authentication type
in OSPF?
Can I control the P−bit when importing external routes into a not−so−stubby area
(NSSA)?
Why are OSPF show commands responding so slowly?
What does the clear ip ospf redistribution command do?
Does OSPF form adjacencies with neighbors that are not on the same subnet?
How often does OSPF send out link−state advertisements (LSAs)?
How do I stop individual interfaces from developing adjacencies in an OSPF network?
When I have two type 5 link−state advertisements (LSAs) for the same external network
in the OSPF database, which path should be installed in the IP routing table?
Why is it that my Cisco 1600 router does not recognize the OSPF protocol?
Why is it that my Cisco 800 router does not run OSPF?
Should I use the same process number while configuring OSPF on multiple routers
within the same network?
I have a router that runs Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) and OSPF, who does
load−balancing when there are multiple links to a destination?
How does OSPF use two Multilink paths to transfer packets?
How can you detect the topological changes rapidly?
Does the 3825 Series Router support the OSPF Stub feature?
What does the error message %OSPF−4−FLOOD_WAR: Process process−id
re−originates LSA ID ip address type−2 adv−rtr ip address in area area id means?
Can we have OSPF run over a GRE tunnel?

ANSWERS FOR THE ABOVE QUESTIONS

Introduction
The document addresses the most frequently asked questions (FAQ) associated with Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF). The document covers OSPF version 2 only. OSPF version 3, introduced in Cisco IOS® Software
Releases 12.0(24)S, 12.2(18)S, and 12.2(15)T, is used for distributing IP version 6 routing information; it is
not explicitly covered in this document. In the scope of this document, "OSPF" refers to OSPF version 2 and
"IP" refers to IP version 4.
Q. Why are loopbacks advertised as /32 host routes in OSPF?
A. Loopbacks are considered host routes in OSPF, and they are advertised as /32. For more
information, refer to section 9.1 of RFC 2328 . In Cisco IOS Software Releases 11.3T and
12.0, if the ip ospf network point−to−point command is configured under loopbacks, OSPF
advertises the loopback subnet as the actual subnet configured on loopbacks. ISDN dialer
interface advertises /32 subnet instead of its configured subnet mask. This is an expected
behavior if ip ospf network point−to−multipoint is configured.
Q. How do I change the reference bandwidth in OSPF?
A. You can change the reference bandwidth in Cisco IOS Software Release 11.2 and later
using the ospf auto−cost reference−bandwidth command under router ospf. By default,
reference bandwidth is 100 Mbps.
Q. How does OSPF calculate its metric or cost?
A. OSPF uses a reference bandwidth of 100 Mbps for cost calculation. The formula to
calculate the cost is reference bandwidth divided by interface bandwidth. For example, in the
case of Ethernet, it is 100 Mbps / 10 Mbps = 10.
Note: If ip ospf cost cost is used on the interface, it overrides this formulated cost.
Q. Are OSPF routing protocol exchanges authenticated?
A. Yes, OSPF can authenticate all packets exchanged between neighbors. Authentication may
be through simple passwords or through MD5 cryptographic checksums. To configure simple
password authentication for an area, use the command ip ospf authentication−key to assign
a password of up to eight octets to each interface attached to the area. Then, issue the area x
authentication command to the OSPF router configuration to enable authentication. (In the
command, x is the area number.)
Cisco IOS Software Release 12.x also supports the enabling of authentication on a
per−interface basis. If you want to enable authentication on some interfaces only, or if you
want different authentication methods on different interfaces that belong to the same area, use
the ip ospf authentication interface mode command.
Q. What is the link−state retransmit interval, and what is the command to
set it?
A. OSPF must send acknowledgment of each newly received link−state advertisement (LSA).
It does this by sending LSA packets. LSAs are retransmitted until they are acknowledged.
The link−state retransmit interval defines the time between retransmissions. You can use the
command ip ospf retransmit−interval to set the retransmit interval. The default value is 5
seconds.
Q. What is the purpose of the variable IP−OSPF−Transmit−Delay?
A. This variable adds a specified time to the age field of an update. If the delay is not added
before transmission over a link, the time in which the link−state advertisement (LSA)
propagates over the link is not considered. The default value is 1 second. This parameter has
more significance on very low−speed links.
Q. Is it true that only the static option of the virtual link in OSPF allows
discontiguous networks, regardless of the mask propagation
properties?
A. No, virtual links in OSPF maintain connectivity to the backbone from nonbackbone areas,
but they are unnecessary for discontiguous addressing. OSPF provides support for
discontiguous networks because every area has a collection of networks, and OSPF attaches a
mask to each advertisement.
Q. Are the multicast IP addresses mapped to MAC−level multicast
addresses?
A. OSPF sends all advertisements using multicast addressing. Except for Token Ring, the
multicast IP addresses are mapped to MAC−level multicast addresses. Cisco maps Token
Ring to MAC−level broadcast addresses.
Q. Does the Cisco OSPF implementation support IP TOS−based routing?
A. Cisco OSPF only supports TOS 0. This means that routers route all packets on the TOS 0
path, eliminating the need to calculate nonzero TOS paths.
Q. Does the offset−list subcommand work for OSPF?
A. The offset−list command does not work for OSPF. It is used for distance vector protocols
such as Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), Routing Information Protocol (RIP), and
RIP version 2.

Q. Can an OSPF default be originated into the system based on external
information on a router that does not itself have a default?
A. OSPF generates a default only if it is configured using the command default−information
originate and if there is a default network in the box from a different process. The default
route in OSPF is 0.0.0.0. If you want an OSPF−enabled router to generate a default route even
if it does not have a default route itself, use the command default−information originate
always.
Q. Can I use the distribute−list in/out command with OSPF to filter
routes?
A. The distribute−list commands are supported in OSPF but work differently than
distance−vector routing protocols such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Enhanced
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). OSPF routes cannot be filtered from entering
the OSPF database. The distribute−list in command only filters routes from entering the
routing table; it does not prevent link−state packets from being propagated. Therefore, this
command does not help conserve router memory, and it does not prohibit a router from
propagating filtered routes to other routers.
Caution: Use of the distribute−list in command in OSPF may lead to routing loops in
the network if not implemented carefully.
The command distribute−list out works only on the routes being redistributed by the
Autonomous System Boundary Routers (ASBRs) into OSPF. It can be applied to external
type 2 and external type 1 routes, but not to intra−area and interarea routes.
Q. How can I give preference to OSPF interarea routes over intra−area
routes?
A. According to section 11 of RFC 2328 , the order of preference for OSPF routes is:
¨ intra−area routes, O
¨ interarea routes, O IA
¨ external routes type 1, O E1
¨ external routes type 2, O E2
This rule of preference cannot be changed. However, it applies only within a single OSPF
process. If a router is running more than one OSPF process, route comparison occurs. With
route comparison, the metrics and administrative distances (if they have been changed) of the
OSPF processes are compared. Route types are disregarded when routes supplied by two
different OSPF processes are compared.
Q. Do I need to manually set up adjacencies for routers on the Switched
Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) cloud with the OSPF neighbor
subcommand?
A. In Cisco IOS Software releases earlier than Cisco IOS Software Release 10.0, the
neighbor command was required to establish adjacencies over nonbroadcast multiaccess
(NBMA) networks (such as Frame Relay, X.25, and SMDS). With Cisco IOS Software
Release 10.0 and later, you can use the ip ospf network broadcast command to define the
network as a broadcast network, eliminating the need for the neighbor command. If you are not using a fully meshed SMDS cloud, you must use the ip ospf network
point−to−multipoint command.
Q. When routes are redistributed between OSPF processes, are all
shortest path first algorithm (SPF) metrics preserved, or is the default
metric value used?
A. The SPF metrics are preserved. The redistribution between them is like redistribution
between any two IP routing processes.
Q. How does Cisco accommodate OSPF routing on partial−mesh Frame
Relay networks?
A. You can configure OSPF to understand whether it should attempt to use multicast facilities
on a multi−access interface. Also, if multicast is available, OSPF uses it for its normal
multicasts.
Cisco IOS Software Release 10.0 includes a feature called subinterfaces. You can use
subinterfaces with Frame Relay to tie together a set of virtual circuits (VCs) to form a virtual
interface, which acts as a single IP subnet. All systems within the subnet should be fully
meshed. With Cisco IOS Software Releases 10.3, 11.0 and later, the ip ospf
point−to−multipoint command is also available.
Q. Which address−wild−mask pair should I use for assigning an
unnumbered interface to an area?
A. When an unnumbered interface is configured, it references another interface on the router.
When enabling OSPF on the unnumbered interface, use the address−wild−mask pair of
interfaces to which the unnumbered interface is pointing.
Q. Can I have one numbered side and leave the other side unnumbered
in OSPF?
A. No, OSPF does not work if you have one side numbered and the other side unnumbered.
This creates a discrepancy in the OSPF database that prevents routes from being installed in
the routing table.
Q. Why do I receive the "cannot allocate router id" error message when I
configure Router OSPF One?
A. OSPF picks up the highest IP address as a router ID. If there are no interfaces in up/up
mode with an IP address, it returns this error message. To correct the problem, configure a
loopback interface.
Q. Why do I receive the "unknown routing protocol" error message when
I configure Router OSPF One?
A. Your software may not support OSPF. This error message occurs most frequently with the
Cisco 1600 series routers. If you are using a 1600 router, you need a Plus image to run OSPF.

Q. What do the states DR, BDR, and DROTHER mean in show ip ospf
interface command output?
A. DR means designated router. BDR means backup designated router. DROTHER indicates a
router that is neither the DR or the BDR. The DR generates a Network Link−State
Advertisement, which lists all the routers on that network.
Q. When I issue the show ip ospf neighbor command, why do I only see
FULL/DR and FULL/BDR, with all other neighbors showing
2−WAY/DROTHER?
A. To reduce the amount of flooding on broadcast media, such as Ethernet, FDDI, and Token
Ring, the router becomes full with only designated router (DR) and backup designated router
(BDR), and it shows 2−WAY for all other routers.
Q. Why do I not see OSPF neighbors as FULL/DR or FULL/BDR on my
serial link?
A. This is normal. On point−to−point and point−to−multipoint networks, there are no
designated routers (DRs) or backup designated routers (BDRs).
Q. Do I need any special commands to run OSPF over BRI/PRI links?
A. In addition to the normal OSPF configuration commands, you should use the dialer map
command. When using the dialer map command, use the broadcast keyword to indicate that
broadcasts should be forwarded to the protocol address.
Q. Do I need any special commands to run OSPF over asynchronous
links?
A. In addition to the normal OSPF configuration commands, you should use the async
default routing command on the asynchronous interface. This command enables the router to
pass routing updates to other routers over the asynchronous interface. Also, when using the
dialer map command, use the broadcast keyword to indicate that broadcasts should be
forwarded to the protocol address.
Q. Which Cisco IOS Software release began support for per−interface
authentication type in OSPF?
A. Per−interface authentication type, as described in RFC 2178 , was added in Cisco IOS
Software Release 12.0(8).
Q. Can I control the P−bit when importing external routes into a
not−so−stubby area (NSSA)?
A. When external routing information is imported into an NSSA in a type 7 link−state
advertisement (LSA), the type 7 LSA has only area flooding scope. To further distribute the
external information, type 7 LSAs are translated into type 5 LSAs at the NSSA border. The
P−bit in the type 7 LSA Options field indicates whether the type 7 LSA should be translated.
Only those LSAs with the P−bit set are translated. When you redistribute information into the NSSA, the P−bit is automatically set. A possible workaround applies when the Autonomous
System Boundary Router (ASBR) is also an Area Border Router (ABR). The NSSA ASBR
can then summarize with the not−advertise keyword, which results in not advertising the
translated type 7 LSAs.
Q. Why are OSPF show commands responding so slowly?
A. You may experience a slow response when issuing OSPF show commands, but not with
other commands. The most common reason for this delay is that you have the ip ospf
name−lookup configuration command configured on the router. This command causes the
router to look up the device Domain Name System (DNS) names for all OSPF show
commands, making it easier to identify devices, but resulting in a slowed response time for
the commands. If you are experiencing slow response on commands other than just OSPF
show commands, you may want to start looking at other possible causes, such as the CPU
utilization.
Q. What does the clear ip ospf redistribution command do?
A. The clear ip ospf redistribution command flushes all the type 5 and type 7 link−state
advertisements (LSAs) and scans the routing table for the redistributed routes. This causes a
partial shortest path first algorithm (SPF) in all the routers on the network that receive the
flushed/renewed LSAs. When the expected redistributed route is not in OSPF, this command
may help to renew the LSA and get the route into OSPF.
Q. Does OSPF form adjacencies with neighbors that are not on the same
subnet?
A. The only time that OSPF forms adjacencies between neighbors that are not on the same
subnet is when the neighbors are connected through point−to−point links. This may be
desired when using the ip unnumbered command, but in all other cases, the neighbors must
be on the same subnet.
Q. How often does OSPF send out link−state advertisements (LSAs)?
A. OSPF sends out its self−originated LSAs when the LSA age reaches the link−state refresh
time, which is 1800 seconds.
Q. How do I stop individual interfaces from developing adjacencies in an
OSPF network?
A. To stop routers from becoming OSPF neighbors on a particular interface, issue the
passive−interface command at the interface.
In Internet service provider (ISP) and large enterprise networks, many of the distribution
routers have more than 200 interfaces. Configuring passive−interface on each of the 200
interfaces can be difficult. The solution in such situations is to configure all the interfaces as
passive by default using a single passive−interface default command. Then, configure
individual interfaces where adjacencies are desired using the no passive−interface command.
For more information, refer to Default Passive Interface Feature.
There are some known problems with the passive−interface default command. Workarounds
are listed in Cisco bug ID CSCdr09263 ( registered customers only) .

Q. When I have two type 5 link−state advertisements (LSAs) for the same
external network in the OSPF database, which path should be installed
in the IP routing table?
A. When you have two type 5 LSAs for the same external network in the OSPF database,
prefer the external LSA that has the shortest path to the Autonomous System Boundary
Router (ASBR) and install that into the IP routing table. Use the show ip ospf
border−routers command to check the cost to the ASBR.
Q. Why is it that my Cisco 1600 router does not recognize the OSPF
protocol?
A. Cisco 1600 routers require the Plus feature set image of Cisco IOS Software to run OSPF.
Refer to Table 3: Cisco 1600 Series Routers Feature Sets in the Release Notes for Cisco IOS
Release 11.2(11) Software Feature Packs for Cisco 1600 Series Routers for more information.
Q. Why is it that my Cisco 800 router does not run OSPF?
A. Cisco 800 routers do not support OSPF. However, they do support Routing Information
Protocol (RIP) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). You can use the
Software Advisor ( registered customers only) tool for more information on feature support.
Q. Should I use the same process number while configuring OSPF on
multiple routers within the same network?
A. OSPF, unlike Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) or Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (EIGRP), does not check the process number (or autonomous system number) when
adjacencies are formed between neighboring routers and routing information is exchanged.
The only case in which the OSPF process number is taken into account is when OSPF is used
as the routing protocol on a Provider Edge to Customer Edge (PE−CE) link in a Multiprotocol
Label Switching (MPLS) VPN. PE routers mark OSPF routes with the domain attribute
derived from the OSPF process number to indicate whether the route originated within the
same OSPF domain or from outside it. If the OSPF process numbering is inconsistent on PE
routers in the MPLS VPN, the domain−id OSPF mode command should be used to mark that
the OSPF processes with different numbers belong to the same OSPF domain.
This means that, in many practical cases, you can use different autonomous system numbers
for the same OSPF domain in your network. However, it is best to use consistent
OSPF−process numbering as much as possible. This consistency simplifies network
maintenance and complies with the network designer intention to keep routers in the same
OSPF domain.
Q. I have a router that runs Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) and OSPF,
who does load−balancing when there are multiple links to a destination?
A. CEF works by performing the switching of the packet based on the routing table which is
populated by the routing protocols such as OSPF. CEF does the load−balancing once the
routing protocol table has been calculated. For more details on load balancing, refer to How
does load−balancing work?

Q. How does OSPF use two Multilink paths to transfer packets?
A. OSPF uses the metric aCost, which is related to the bandwidth. If there are equal cost paths
(the same bandwidth on both multilinks), OSPF installs both routes in the routing table. The
routing table tries to use both links equally, regardless of the interface utilization. If one of the
links in the first multilink fails, OSPF does not send all the traffic down the second multilink.
If the first multilink peaks 100%, OSPF does not send any traffic down the second multilink
because OSPF tries to use both links equally, regardless of the interface utilization. The
second is used fully only when the first multilink goes down.
Q. How can you detect the topological changes rapidly?
A. In order to have a rapid fault detection of topology changes, the hello timer value needs to
be set to 1 second. The hold timer value, which is is four times that of the hello timer, also
needs to be configured. There is a possibility of more routing traffic if the hello and hold
timer values are reduced from their default values.
Q. Does the 3825 Series Router support the OSPF Stub feature?
A. Yes, the 3800 Series Router that runs Advanced IPServices image supports the OSPF Stub
feature.
Q. What does the error message %OSPF−4−FLOOD_WAR: Process
process−id re−originates LSA ID ip address type−2 adv−rtr ip address in
area area id means?
A. The error message is due to the some router that is flushing the network LSA because the
network LSA received by the router whose LSA ID conflicts with the IP address of one of the
router's interfaces and flushes the LSA out of the network. For OSPF to function correctly the
IP addresses of transit networks must be unique. If it is not unique the conflicting routers
reports this error message. In the error message the router with the OSPF router ID reported
as adv−rtr reports this message.
Q. Can we have OSPF run over a GRE tunnel?
A. Yes, refer to Configuring a GRE Tunnel over IPSec with OSPF.

CCNA Certification Path

2011-08-13T07:18:00.000-07:00

CCNA Certifiacate Path

There are two ways to attain the certificate, either going for a composite type (CCNA)
or separately by passing CCENT or ICND1 first then by passing ICND2.

Both the ways are having its own Pros and Cons. Let me explain the terminologies first, then will dig deeper into each one of the module.

CCENT® Certification

Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician (CCENT) validates the ability to install,
operate and troubleshoot a small enterprise branch network, including basic network security.
With a CCENT, network professional demonstrates the skills required for entry-level network support
positions - the starting point for many successful careers in networking.
The curriculum covers networking fundamentals, WAN technologies, basic security and wireless concepts, routing
and switching fundamentals, and configuring simple networks. CCENT is the first step toward achieving CCNA,
which covers medium size enterprise branch networks with more complex connections.
There is no prerequisite for this certification.

CCENT Exams & Recommended Training
Required Exam(s)

Recommended Training
640-822 ICND1 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1)

CCENT certifications are valid for three years. To recertify,
pass ONE of the following exams before the certification expiration date:

* Pass the current ICND1 exam, or
* Pass the current ICND2 exam , or
* Pass the current CCNA exam, or
* Pass the current CCDA exam, or
* Pass any current CCNA Concentration exam (wireless, or security, or voice, or SP Ops), or
* Pass any current 642-XXX professional level exam, or
* Pass any current Cisco Specialist exam (excluding Sales Specialist exams or
MeetingPlace Specialist exams or Implementing Cisco Telepresence Installations [ITI] exams), or
* Pass any current CCIE Written Exam, or
* Pass the current CCDE Written Exam OR current CCDE Practical Exam, or
* Pass the Cisco Certified Architect (CCAr) interview AND the CCAr board review to extend
lower certifications

CCNA = ICND1 + ICND2

Another way is to Pass CCNA composite at one shot.

CCNA Certification

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA®) validates the ability to install,
configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size route and switched networks,
including implementation and verification of connections to remote sites in a WAN.
CCNA curriculum includes basic mitigation of security threats, introduction to wireless networking
concepts and terminology, and performance-based skills. This new curriculum also includes
(but is not limited to) the use of these protocols: IP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP),
Serial Line Interface Protocol Frame Relay, Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2),VLANs,
Ethernet, access control lists (ACLs)

CCNA Exams & Recommended Training
Required Exam(s)

Recommended Training
640-802 CCNA Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) v1.1
Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v1.1

Planning for the CCNA Certifcation Exam

2011-08-13T00:40:00.000-07:00

If you have already decided to give the online CCNA certification exam, then its time to plan now, Remember "if you fail to plan
then you are planning to fail"

Some of you might be in a plan to study CCNA materials and understand the concept and may not have the intention of appearing for
the test. Nothing wrong in that, Ultimate goal should be to master the CCNA skills which is essential in framing your career.
I personally suggest that getting your CCNA certification gives you more value in the market.

Clearing the CCNA exam in not a big deal, but what matters is how much knowledge you are gaining out of the course.

one key rule is read always, not only certification point of view, But throughout your career. Reading contents relevant to your
profession for atleast 1 hour per day will put you under top 20 percent people in your field. It is proven.

The CCNA syllabus created by Cisco is fine tuned, which is in synch with the latest technology in the industry.
As the matter of fact, Cisco is good in framing syllabus as per the practical requirement of the Industry.

Your psychology plays a key role when it comes to your interest in reading books. If you dont belong to the group, so called readers, then
you are missing something vital in life.

Master the fundamentals

2011-08-12T11:59:00.000-07:00

Always keep this point in mind, Master the networking fundamentals. The key to success in networking is mastering the basics.
Only then you can build a solid networking skill above it. This will be beneficial during troubleshooting process as well.
So, Master the basics.

Getting CCNA Job

2011-08-12T08:13:00.000-07:00

I know many people who are struggling to get a job in networking domain. This happened to me when I was fresh to this field. To be frank, I struggled to the core. I know the pain involved in searching for a job in which your heart is attached. This will not happen overnight, but with consistent effort you will achieve the desired goal. This content is exclusively for millions of young people who are in lookout for jobs.

Some people might have completed their graduation in Science, commerce or Engineering and would have pursued a course in CCNA, and some people would have completed online CCNA certification along with graduation.
All these will make you eligible to get a job, but not a job exactly.

If you are a fresher, then you must be willing to take up any IT related job initially to get into the industry. Then you can slowly build your skills and gradually move to the networking domain. If you are fortunate enough, you will be getting core networking job after the completion of CCNA certification.

I was not in the lucky list, I did not get core networking job for 3.5 years after my B.Tech graduation, even after completing my CCNA certification. I had to work in low profile projects and passive activities in IT infrastructure domain. But I was constantly keeping an eye on networking job. The sad thing was I worked for a company who was one of the leading service provider for Cisco but I did not get the opportunity to work as a network Engineer. After many months of struggle, finally I got my dream job in the same company, with full of cisco gears all around. Now I am very happy because I am following my dream. Also, Now I got the opportunity to work for advanced technologies like IP/MPLS, Traffic Engineering, CoS, QoS, VPLS, L3VPN, L2VPN, Multicasting etc...Also security devices. My awareness of technology has been increased drastically nowadays. I am really excited.

Success is just one decision away. You have to decide......What decision ?

Fundamentals of MPLS

2011-08-12T07:58:00.000-07:00

MPLS is widely deployed in operators Network in recent days as it is a matured technology now. In earlier days it was implemented cautiously, since the technology was new.

Unlike some of its precursors such as ATM and Framerelay, MPLS uses Control plane mechanism more effectively from the very begining.

MPLS overcomes several drawbacks of conventional networking technologies like speed, scalability, QOS and traffic engineering. MPLS provides a path for reveneue generation for service oriented operators by incorporating several applications over the MPLS backbone.

Before getting into the core concepts of MPLS, It is vital to understand the IP forwarding in traditional IP Networks. In traditional network, NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) is propogated using IP routing protocol. The packet forwarding decision is based on destination address only. Therefor when a packet is received by the router , it determines the next hop address by using packets destination address along with its own information that is in forwarding/Routing table.

IP/MPLS

2011-08-12T07:51:00.001-07:00

I'm pleased and excited to write content on this topic. I am a systems integrator, I deal with all latest tehnology in the realm of Networking and Telecom. Recently I got fascinated by MPLS technology, which is a buzz word in the current IT industry. I am involved in a project which provides consultancy and management services to the client. This technolgy is fast growing and it is expected to surpass all the other legacy technology in the industry. I have decided to blog on this concept. My objective is to share knowledge related to this, So that it would benefit many technocrats all over the world.

CCNA Jobs

2011-08-06T04:41:00.000-07:00

CCNA certification is highly valuable in todays IT industry, Unlike other certifications , Cisco is having its own place in the industry. In the current trend CCNA jobs are much more prevalent than other technology jobs. So it is the right time to get certified and look for a CCNA job.

To pass the exam online, It is recommended to take CCNA training and study constantly for 3 months to achieve the proficiency level in networking.

Before starting with the course, decide on which stream to pursue, Like CCNA R&S, CCNA Voice, CCNA Security, CCNA Wireless, CCNA SP Ops etc.

Don't hesitate to take CCNA Bootcamp or CCNA training before taking CCNA test.

If you need to clarify anything related to CCNA certification, feel free to post on this blog, I will assist.

All the best

CCNA® Routing & Switching Certification - SYLLABUS

2011-08-06T04:09:00.000-07:00

The CCNA certification validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks. CCNA certified professionals have the knowledge and skills to make connections to remote sites via a WAN, mitigate basic security threats, and understand the requirements for wireless network access. CCNA training covers (but is not limited to) the use of these protocols: IP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Serial Line Interface Protocol Frame Relay, Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2), VLANs, Ethernet, and access control lists (ACLs).

No prerequisites

Exams & Recommended Training

Required Exam(s)

Recommended Training
640-802 CCNA

Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) v1.1

Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v1.1

OR
640-822 ICND1

Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) v1.1
640-816 ICND2

Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v1.1

CCNA Question and Answer

2010-08-14T20:09:00.001-07:00

1 As system administrator, you type "debug ipx sap" and
receive the following lines as part of the IOS response:
type 0x4, "HELLO2", 199.0002.0003.0006 (451), 2 hops
type 0x4, "HELLO1", 199.0002.0003.0008 (451), 2 hops
What does "0x4" signify?

A. That is a Get Nearest Server response.
B. That it is a General query.
C. That it is a General response.
D. That it is a Get Nearest Server request.

Ans A

3 To monitor ipx traffic on a network, what command would you use?

A. debug ipx transaction
B. show ipx traffic
C. show ipx events
D. display ipx traffic

Ans B

4 What command would you use to find out the names of Novell
servers on a network?

A. show ipx servers
B. show ipx hosts
C. show ipx sap
D. show ipx nodes.

Ans A

5 The "ipx delay number" command will allow an administrator to change the
default
settings. What are the default settings?

A. For LAN interfaces, one tick; for WAN interfaces, six
ticks
B. For LAN interfaces, six ticks; for WAN interfaces, one
tick
C. For LAN interfaces, zero ticks; for WAN interfaces, five
ticks
D. For LAN interfaces, five ticks; for WAN interfaces, zero
Ticks

Ans A
The default is--for LAN interfaces, one tick;
for WAN interfaces, six ticks

6 As a system administrator, you need to set up one Ethernet
interface on the Cisco router to allow for both sap and
Novell-ether encapsulations. Which set of commands will
accomplish this?

A. interface ethernet 0.1
ipx encapsulation Novell-ether
ipx network 9e
interface ethernet 0.2
ipx network 6c

B. interface ethernet 0
ipx encapsulation Novell-ether
ipx network 9e
interface ethernet 0
ipx encapsulation sap
ipx network 6c

C. interface ethernet 0.1
ipx encapsulation Novell-ether
interface ethernet 0.2
ipx encapsulation sap

D. interface ethernet 0.1
ipx encapsulation Novell-ether
ipx network 9e
interface ethernet 0.2
ipx encapsulation sap
ipx network 6c

Ans D

The following commands setup the subinterfaces
to allow for two types of encapsulation:
interface ethernet 0.1
ipx encapsulation Novell-ether
ipx network 9e
interface ethernet 0.2
ipx encapsulation sap
ipx network 6c

7 What does the "IPX maximum-paths 2" command accomplish?

A. It enables load sharing on 2 paths if the paths are equal
metric paths.
B. It sets up routing to go to network 2.
C. It is the default for Cisco IPX load sharing.
D. It enables load sharing on 2 paths if the paths are
unequal metric paths.

Ans A
It enables load sharing on 2 paths if the paths
are equal metric paths. The default is 1 path and the
maximum is 512 paths.

8 You want to enable both arpa and snap encapsulation on one
router interface. How do you do this?

A. The interface can handle multiple encapsulation types
with no extra configuration.
B. Assign two network numbers, one for each encapsulation
type.
C. Enable Novell-ether to run multiple encapsulation types.
D. Both arpa and snap are enabled by default so you don't
have to configure anything.

Ans B
To assign multiple network numbers, you usually
use subinterfaces. A sample configuration follows:
ipx ethernet 0.1
ipx encapsulation novell-ether
ipx network 9e

interface ethernet 0.2
ipx encapsulation sap
ipx network 6c

8 By default, Cisco routers forward GNS SAPs to remote networks.

A. False
B. True

Ans A

GNS is Novell's protocol to Get Nearest Server.
If there is a server on the local network, that server will
respond. If there isn't, the Cisco router has to be
configured to forward the GNS SAP.

9 To prevent Service Advertisements (SAPs) from flooding a
network, Cisco routers do not forward them. How are
services advertised to other networks?

A. Each router builds its own SAP table and forwards that
every 60 seconds.
B. Each router assigns a service number and broadcasts
that.
C. SAPs aren't necessary with Cisco routers.
D. Cisco routers filter out all SAPs.

Ans: A
Cisco routers build SAP tables and forward the
table every 60 seconds. All SAPs can't be filtered even
with 4.x since NDS and time synchronization uses SAPs.

10 Novell's implementation of RIP updates routing tables every
____ seconds.

A. 60
B. 90
C. 10
D. 30

Ans A
Novell's RIP updates routing tables every 60
seconds, Apple's RTMP is every 10 seconds, routers ARP every
60 seconds, IGRP signal every 90 seconds,
and Banyan VINES signals every 90 seconds.

11 In Novell's use of RIP, there are two metrics used to make
routing decisions. Select the two metrics.

A. Ticks.
B. Hops
C. Loops
D. Counts

Ans:A &B
It first uses ticks (which is about 1/18 sec.);
if there is a tie, it uses hops; if hops are equal, then it
uses an administratively assigned tiebreaker.

12 What is the Cisco name for the encapsulation type used on a
serial interface?

A. HDLC
B. SDLC
C. SAP
D. SNAP

Ans A

13 "arpa" is used by the Cisco IOS for which encapsulation
types?

A. Ethernet_II
B. Ethernet_802.3
C. Ethernet_802.2
D. Ethernet_SNAP

Ans A
Novell's IPX and Cisco's IOS name their
protocols differently. Cisco uses sap for Ethernet_802.2,
Token-Ring, and Novell's FDDI_802.2. Cisco uses snap for
Ethernet_SNAP, Token-Ring_SNAP, and FDDI_SNAP. Cisco uses
arpa for Ethernet_II and, finally the default is
Novell-ether for Novell's Ethernet_802.3.

14 "snap" is used by the Cisco IOS for which encapsulation
types?
A. Ethernet_SNAP
B. Token-Ring_SNAP
C. FDDI_SNAP
D. Novell-SNAP
E. Novell-FDDI.

Ans: A,B &C
Novell's IPX and Cisco's IOS name their
protocols differently. Cisco uses sap for Ethernet_802.2,

Token-Ring, and Novell's FDDI_802.2. Cisco uses snap for
Ethernet_SNAP, Token-Ring_SNAP, and FDDI_SNAP. Cisco uses
arpa for Ethernet_II and, finally the default is
Novell-ether for Novell's Ethernet_802.3.

15"sap" is used by the Cisco IOS for which encapsulation
types?

A. Ethernet_802.2
B. Token-Ring
C. FDDI_SNAP
D. Ethernet_802.3
E. FDDI_802.2

Ans A,B &E

Novell's IPX and Cisco's IOS name their
protocols differently. Cisco uses sap for Ethernet_802.2,
Token-Ring, and Novell's FDDI_802.2. Cisco uses snap for
Ethernet_SNAP, Token-Ring_SNAP, and FDDI_SNAP. Cisco uses
arpa for Ethernet_II and, finally the default is
Novell-ether for Novell's Ethernet_802.3.

16 Which type of Ethernet framing is used for TCP/IP and
AppleTalk?

A. Ethernet 802.3
B. Ethernet 802.2
C. Ethernet II
D. Ethernet SNAP

Ans D
Ethernet 802.3 is used with NetWare versions 2
through 3.11, Ethernet 802.2 is used with NetWare 3.12 and
later plus OSI routing, Ethernet II is used with TCP/IP and
DECnet, and Ethernet SNAP is used with TCP/IP and
AppleTalk.

17 Which type of Ethernet framing is used for TCP/IP and
DECnet?

A. Ethernet 802.3
B. Ethernet 802.2
C. Ethernet II
D. Ethernet SNAP

Ans: C
Ethernet 802.3 is used with NetWare versions 2
through 3.11, Ethernet 802.2 is used with NetWare 3.12 and
later plus OSI routing, Ethernet II is used with TCP/IP and

DECnet, and Ethernet SNAP is used with TCP/IP and AppleTalk.

18 You are a system administrator on a NetWare network, you are
running NetWare 4.11 and you cannot communicate with your
router. What is the likely problem?

A. NetWare 4.11 defaults to 802.2 encapsulation.
B. NetWare 4.11 defaults to 802.3 encapsulation
C. Cisco routers only work with NetWare 3.11.
D. NetWare 3.11 defaults to 802.2 encapsulation.

Ans A
The default encapsulation on Cisco routers is
Novell Ethernet_802.3 and NetWare 3.12 and later defaults to
802.2 encapsulation, 3.11 and earlier defaults to 802.3.

19 NetWare IPX addressing uses a network number and a node
number. Which statements are true?

A. The network address is administratively assigned and can
be up to 16 hexadecimal digits long.
B. The node address is always administratively assigned.
C. The node address is usually the MAC address.
D. If the MAC address is used as the node address, then IPX
eliminates the use of ARP.

Ans A, C &D

The network address can be up to 16
hexadecimal digits in length. The node number is 12
hexadecimal digits. The node address is usually the MAC
address. An example IPX address is 4a1d.0000.0c56.de33.
The network part is 4a1d. The node part is 0000.0c56.de33.
The network number is assigned by the system administrator
of the Novell network.

20 Which NetWare protocol works on layer 3--network layer--of
the OSI model?

A. IPX
B. NCP
C. SPX
D. NetBIOS

Ans A
IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) is a NetWare
network layer 3 protocol used for transferring information
on LANs.

2 To monitor IP igrp traffic, you can use "debug IP igrp
transaction" or "debug IP igrp events". How do you display
information about IPX routing update packets?

A. debug routing
B. debug ipx transaction
C. debug ipx routing activity
D. debug ipx events

Ans: C

Telecommuter site considerations

2009-09-18T10:07:00.000-07:00

•Over the past decade the improvement of WAN technologies, notably DSL and cable modems, has allowed many employees to do their jobs remotely.
•As a result, the number of telecommuters and small offices has increased.
•As with the corporate and branch office solutions, the telecommuter site WAN solution should be selected by weighing cost and bandwidth requirements.

Branch office considerations

2009-09-18T10:04:00.001-07:00

•A branch office, commonly referred to as a remote site, typically maintains at least one WAN connection to the central site and may have several links to other remote sites.
•Generally, branch office networks support fewer users than the central site and therefore require less bandwidth.
•Because remote site traffic can be sporadic or bursty, it will be important to determine whether it is more cost-effective to offer a permanent or dialup solution

Central site considerations

2009-09-18T09:57:00.000-07:00

•The central site is the focal point of a company network.
•Typically, all remote sites and users must connect to the central site to access information, either intermittently or continuously.
•Because many users access this site in a variety of ways, a router at a central site should have a modular design so that interface modules can be added or swapped as needed.

CSU/DSU - Connectivity in Detail

2009-09-09T11:06:00.001-07:00

Point-to-Point Serial Links

In the network at your job, most likely the serial interfaces on your

Cisco routers are not connected to each other directly. They connect

to a CSU/DSU, which supplies a clock rate to the router, allowing the

line protocol to stay up.

In the world of Cisco exams, and in your practice lab, there are

generally routers that have directly connected serial interfaces. These

routers are connected to each other by a DCE/DTE cable; the DCE end

of the cable will connect to the router that is acting as the CSU.

What’s The Line Protocol?

You’ll see a lot of discussion in CCNA and CCNP texts, but rarely does

anyone actually say what the line protocol is. The Cisco IOS Command

Reference defines the line protocol as "indicating whether the software

processes that handle the line protocol consider the line usable (that

is, keepalives are successful) or whether it has been taken down by an

administrator."

Translation: When the line protocol is down, there’s a problem with

the keepalives or the encapsulation type.

To tell the DTE end from the DCE end before connecting it, look for a

small label wrapped around one or both of the cable ends. That label

will indicate whether that is the DCE or DTE end. If there is no label,

the connector itself may have DTE or DCE imprinted on it.

After connecting the cable to the respective routers, use show

controller to ensure the router sees the cable as a DCE or DTE.

R1#show controller serial 1

HD unit 1, idb = 0x107114, driver structure at 0x10C590

buffer size 1524 HD unit 1, V.35 DTE cable

R3#show controller serial 1

HD unit 1, idb = 0xC7D1C, driver structure at 0xCCAA0

buffer size 1524 HD unit 1, V.35 DCE cable

The routers will not be able to communicate at this point, however.

Remember that when a serial interface connects to a CSU/DSU, the

interface receives clocking from that device. There is no CSU/DSU

involved when two serial interfaces are directly connected; therefore,

one of the devices must supply a clock rate to the other. The DCE

interface must supply the clock rate to the DTE.

R3(config)#int serial 1

R3(config-if)#clockrate 56000

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1, changed state to up

R3#ping 172.12.13.1

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.12.13.1, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!

In The REAL World…

For exam purposes, you need to memorize the fact that the DCE is the

interface that needs to have the clock rate configured. When you’re at

your practice rack, you’ll find out that you can’t put the clockrate on

the DTE, because the router won’t let you!

CSU/DSU - Channel service unit / Data Service Unit

2009-09-07T12:14:00.000-07:00

Try to Learn about this device, This is not commonly shown in CCNA Labs.

•

The CSU/DSU provides signal timing for communication and is used for interfacing with the digital transmission facility.

•Essentially, the CSU/DSU is used by a router to connect to a digital line in much the same way that a PC uses a modem to connect to an analog line.

•A CSU/DSU for T1 will typically provide:

–Framing: ESF, D4(SF)

–Line Coding: AMI, B8ZS

–Multiplexing

–Cabling to Router: V.35, RS-232

–(more on these later)
The CSU/DSU may also be built into the router. Like the card shown below.

Master CCNA Commands for all Topics

2009-09-07T11:10:00.000-07:00

Cisco Commands are very important to implement and trouble shoot a network. Master CCNA Commands for all the below given Topics.

Download the Command guide here:

http://www.filefactory.com/file/ah64d7a/n/CCNA_commands_rar

Introduction xxi
Part I TCP/IP Version 4
Chapter 1 How to Subnet
Chapter 2 VLSM
Chapter 3 Route Summarization
Part II Introduction to Cisco Devices
Chapter 4 Cables and Connections
Chapter 5 The Command-Line Interface
Part III Configuring a Router
Chapter 6 Configuring a Single Cisco Router
Part IV Routing
Chapter 7 Static Routing
Chapter 8 RIP 75
Chapter 9 EIGRP 81
Chapter 10 Single Area OSPF
Part V Switching 103
Chapter 11 Configuring a Switch
Chapter 12 VLANs 117

ix

Chapter 13 VLAN Trunking Protocol and Inter-VLAN Routing
Chapter 14 STP and EtherChannel
Part VI Extending the LAN
Chapter 15 Implementing a Wireless LAN
Part VII Network Administration and Troubleshooting
Chapter 16 Backing Up and Restoring Cisco IOS Software and
Configurations

x

Chapter 17 Password-Recovery Procedures and the Configuration
Register 193
Chapter 18 Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
Chapter 19 Telnet and SSH
Chapter 20 The ping and traceroute Commands
Chapter 21 SNMP and Syslog
Chapter 22 Basic Troubleshooting
Part VIII Managing IP Services
Chapter 23 Network Address Translation
Chapter 24 DHCP
Chapter 25 IPv6
Part IX WANs 249
Chapter 26 HDLC and PPP
Chapter 27 Frame Relay
Part X Network Security
Chapter 28 IP Access Control List Security
Chapter 29 Security Device Manager

Download the Command guide here:

http://www.filefactory.com/file/ah64d7a/n/CCNA_commands_rar

CCNA® Routing & Switching Certification - SYLLABUS

2009-09-07T09:37:00.000-07:00

CCNA® Routing & Switching Certification

1.The CCNA certification validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size routed and switched networks.

2.CCNA certified professionals have the knowledge and skills to make connections to remote sites via a WAN, mitigate basic security threats, and understand the requirements for wireless network access.

3.CCNA training covers (but is not limited to) the use of these protocols: IP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Serial Line Interface Protocol Frame Relay, Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2), VLANs, Ethernet, and access control lists (ACLs).

You can take CCNA Exam As combined (ICND1+ICND2)

Like: 640-802 CCNA Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) +

Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2)

OR Separately

Like: 640-822 ICND1 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1)

640-816 ICND2 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2)

640-822 ICND1 -CCENT
Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1
Exam Number: 640-822 ICND1
Associated Certifications: CCENT and CCNA
Duration: 90 minutes (40-50 questions)
Available Languages: English, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Korean, French, Portuguese

640-822 ICND1 Exam Topics

Exam Description-ICND1
The 640-822 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) is the exam associated with the Cisco Certified Entry Network Technician certification and a tangible first step in achieving the Cisco Certified Network Associate certification. Candidates can prepare for this exam by taking the Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 (ICND1) v1.0 course. This exam tests a candidate's knowledge and skills required to successfully install, operate, and troubleshoot a small branch office network. The exam includes topics on networking fundamentals; connecting to a WAN; basic security and wireless concepts; routing and switching fundamentals; the TCP/IP and OSI models; IP addressing; WAN technologies; operating and configuring IOS devices; configuring RIPv2, static and default routing; implementing NAT and DHCP; and configuring simple networks.

640-816 ICND2
Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices - Part 2
Exam Number: 640-816 ICND2
Associated Certifications: CCNA
Duration: 75 minutes (40-50 questions)
Available Languages: English, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish, Russian, Korean, French, Portuguese

Exam Description -ICND2

The 640-816 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) is the exam associated with the Cisco Certified Network Associate certification. Candidates can prepare for this exam by taking the Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v1.0 course. This exam tests a candidate's knowledge and skills required to successfully install, operate, and troubleshoot a small to medium size enterprise branch network. The exam covers topics on VLSM and IPv6 addressing; extending switched networks with VLANs; configuring, verifying and troubleshooting VLANs; the VTP, RSTP, OSPF and EIGRP protocols; determining IP routes; managing IP traffic with access lists; NAT and DHCP; establishing point-to- point connections; and establishing Frame Relay connections.

I Suggest you take CCNA as a whole i.e ICND1+ICND2, This would save time and money. While preparing for the exam you can start from CCENT for better understanding. Success is always in mastering Fundamentals. Try to master trouble shooting skills because most of the questions in CCNA can be tackled if you are proficient in this domain. Moreover, this skill will help you in obtaining your next level cisco certifications with ease and to land in your desired Job.

By,

Fayaz C.B

Why You Need To Practice On Virtual Labs ?

2009-09-06T12:36:00.000-07:00

The CCNA virtual lab has become a good alternative to building a real lab using used or new Cisco equipment. The traditional problem with using physical Cisco equipment is that it is very expensive and still might not have all the features you need to pass the CCNA exam. I highly recommend using a simulation for this reason. Here are 3 reasons why you need a Cisco router simulator to help you prepare for the CCNA as well as your career beyond the CCNA:

Simulation Questions In The CCNA Test - Cisco has put many simulation-type questions into the CCNA in order to test the candidate's ability to troubleshoot and configure network devices in a real life situation. The weight of these questions with regards to the final CCNA score is generally agreed to be very high, although only Cisco knows for sure. It is thus crucial to get proper practice for this section of the already difficult CCNA. One of the best ways to get your hands-on practice without incurring huge costs is to use a CCNA virtual lab.

Memory Retention - Actually going and doing some actual configuration of the network devices will allow you to remember and understand the difficult CCNA concepts better. Networking is most definitely a practical subject, and although reading the books and understanding the theories from the books is definitely important, actually doing the configuration and troubleshooting will cement that theoretical knowledge in your mind. A Cisco router simulator is an excellent way to get this crucial practice.

Important For Employers - Beyond the CCNA, it is quite common these days to have a technical interview for any new networking job. Employers need to be certain that candidates have the technical skills necessary to do the job well. Even if you are technically qualified and have the necessary certifications, very often you will be asked to demonstrate your technical skills in a technical style interview. These kind of questions will usually revolve around troubleshooting skills which are highly valued by many employers these days. A CCNA virtual lab is the perfect way to get these highly valuable troubleshooting skills without spending too much.

CCNA Important Questions

2009-09-05T12:35:00.000-07:00

Prepare for your CCNA exam from this CCNA question pdf. and
Score high mark in your CCNA Test.

Download here : http://www.4shared.com/file/130461449/fbc5b61f/CCNA_important_Questions.html

You can request for CCNA test Simulator. It will be very comprehensive and interactive.

CCNA Voice Notes

2009-09-05T12:02:00.000-07:00

Download this CCNA Voice study guide which will help you in passing the exam.

http://www.4shared.com/file/130455590/feb7f746/CCNA_Voice_Latest.html

How To Become A True CCNA And To Get A CCNA job

2009-09-04T11:56:00.000-07:00

The CCNA is an exciting beginning to your Cisco career, but just having the certification simply isn't enough. A recruiter or interviewer isn't going to be impressed just with the cert; you've got to have some real-world knowledge to back it up.

I've been down that road myself, and sat on both sides of the CCNA job interview table. With that in mind, I'd like to offer to you some tips on becoming a truly valuable and employable CCNA.

Get some hands-on experience. I know the trap well; you can't get experience until you get a CCNA, and you can't get a CCNA without real experience. Well, actually, you can, but do you want to? Working on simulators is fine to a certain extent, but don't make the classic mistake of depending on them. I've seen plenty of CCNAs who were put in front of a set of routers and really didn't know what to do or how to put together a simple configuration, and had NO idea how to begin troubleshooting.

There are CCNA classes that offer you the chance to work with industry experts on real Cisco equipment. Beyond that, you can put together your own CCNA rack for less than $1000 by buying used routers. Some people think that's a lot of money, but this is the foundation of your career. Treat it that way. The work you do now is the most important work you'll ever do. Do it on real Cisco equipment. The skills I learned as a CCNA helped me all the way up to the CCIE.

Besides, after you get your CCNA (and after that, hopefully you'll choose to pursue the CCNP), you can always get some of your money back by selling the equipment. The hands-on experience you gain this way is invaluable.

Know binary math. Do NOT go the easy route of memorizing a subnet mask chart for the CCNA exam. I know some people brag about being able to pass the CCNA exam without really understanding binary math. I've seen those people on the other side of the interview table, and they're not laughing when I ask them to do a subnetting question. They're not laughing when they can't explain or create a VLSM scheme. That chart does nothing to help you understand what's going on.

If you can add and know the difference between a one and a zero, you can do binary math. Don't let the name intimidate you. Become a REAL CCNA -- learn binary math !

Run "show" and "debug" commands. No commands help you truly understand how things work in a Cisco network than show and debug commands. As you progress through the Cisco certification ranks, you'll be glad you started using these at the CCNA level.

Do you need to know these commands for the exam? Probably not. Do you need them to be successul in the real world? Absolutely.

The Cisco certification track has been great to me, and it can boost your career as well, whether you stop at the CCNA, CCNP, or go all the way to the CCIE. It's the skills you develop today that will truly make you a networking engineer. Don't take shortcuts or get the attitude of "just passing the exam".

It's what you achieve after the exam that counts, and it's the work you put in before passing the exam that makes those achievements possible.

Other IT Certifications -(MCSE)

2009-09-04T11:24:00.000-07:00

IT Certification Tips

Getting Certification is a cherished vision for every person, who desires to be recognized as a certified professional in the IT industry. Industry experts advocate going for more and more certifications these days. More the number of certifications you have, the more value you add to your organization!
Certification, undoubtedly, is one of the coveted affixes and a fundamental official recognition in the portfolio of a IT professional. It is believed that qualifying any certification exam acts as a great morale booster. This article highlights the tips to keep in mind while preparing and attempting any Certification exam.

Follow These Tips

Read Lot of Books on Certification: Inculcate the habit to read a lot on certifications. Usually human brain tends to have extended recall of what has been read a few times.

Make Notes: Ensure that you take notes of what you learn either while attending classroom sessions or reading study material. Latest Industry Information: Stay up to date with the technologies and latest happenings in the industry.

Don't Act in Haste: Don't scuttle while attempting the test. Always read the question carefully before you look out for choices in hand.

Devote an ample amount of time: Devote some time to ponder and think of the possibly correct answer before selecting one from the given choices. Be Cautious! Ensure that you interpret all the options correctly before selecting from available choices.

Follow Your Instincts: If you get confused and can't think of the answer with self-reliance, follow your instincts.

Use Common Sense: Use your common sense while answering the questions. It will be the best deal.

Take Your Own Time: Make the most of the time period for answering the test questions. Don't' haste.

Stay Informed: Ensure that you refer to the most up-to-date and modernized versions of study materials for certification exam preparation.
Just remember these tips and you will triumph the computer Certification

Refer my blog for MCSE certification materials.

http://networksavvy.blogspot.com/

Router Memory Components

2009-09-03T12:00:00.000-07:00

Learn about Router Memory Components

1.Processor
2.Interfaces
3.Memory

Download this Router Memory ppt from here.

http://www.4shared.com/file/129960703/202a15aa/Router_Memory_Components.html

Five Things To Do DURING Your CCNA Exam

2009-09-03T11:47:00.000-07:00

There are plenty of articles out there about how to prepare for the CCNA exam. However, there are also things you can do to increase your chances of success on exam day during the most important part of the entire process -- the time that you're actually taking the test.

I've taken many a certification exam over the years, and helped many others prep for theirs. Here are the five things you must do on exam day to maximize your efforts.

1. Show up on time. Yeah, I know everyone says that. The testing center wants you there 30 minutes early. So why do so many candidates show up late, or in a rush? If you have a morning exam appointment, take the traffic into account. If it's a part of town you don't normally drive in during rush hour, you might be surprised at how much traffic you have to go through. Plan ahead.

2. Use paper, not the pad. Some testing centers have gotten into the habit of handing exam candidates a board that allegedly wipes clean, along with a marker that may or not be fine-pointed. You do NOT want to be writing out charts for binary math questions, or coming up with quick network diagrams, with a dull magic marker. It's also my experience that these boards do not wipe clean well at all, but they smear quite badly.

Ask the testing center employee to give you paper and a pen instead. I haven't had one refuse me yet. Remember, you're the customer. It's your $100 - $300, depending on the exam.

3. Use the headphones. Most candidates in the room with you understand that they should be quiet. Sadly, not all of them do. Smacking gum, mumbling to themselves (loud enough for you to hear, though), and other little noises can really get on your nerves in what is already a pressure situation. In one particular testing center I use, the door to the testing room has one setting: "Slam".

Luckily, that center also has a headset hanging at every testing station. Call ahead to see if yours does. Some centers have them but don't leave them at the testing stations. Wearing headphones during the exam is a great way to increase your powers of concentration. They allow you to block out all noise and annoyances, and do what you came to do -- pass the exam.

4. Prepare for the "WHAT??" question. No matter how well-prepared you are, there's going to be one question on any Cisco exam that just stuns you. It might be off-topic, in your opinion; it may be a question that would take 20 of your remaining 25 questions to answer; it might be a question that you don't even know how to begin answering. I have talked with CCNA candidates who got to such a question and were obviously so thrown off that they didn't do well on any of the remaining questions, either.

There is only one thing to do in this situation: shrug it off. Compare yourself to a major-league pitcher. If he gives up a home run, he can't dwell on it; he's got to face another batter. Cornerbacks in football face the same problem; if they give up a long TD pass, they can't spend the next 20 minutes thinking about it. They have to shrug it off and be ready for the next play.

Don't worry about getting a perfect score on the exam. Your concern is passing. If you get a question that seems ridiculous, unsolvable, or out of place, forget about it. It's done. Move on to the next question and nail it.

5. Finish with a flourish. Ten questions from the end of your exam, take a 15-to-30 second break. You can't walk around the testing room, but you can stand and stretch. By this point in the exam, candidates tend to be a little mentally tired. Maybe you're still thinking about the "WHAT??" question. Don't worry about the questions you've already answered -- they're done. Take a deep breath, remember why you're there -- to pass this exam -- and sit back down and nail the last ten questions to the wall.

Before you know it, your passing score appears on the screen!

Now on to the CCNP! Keep studying!

By,

Chris Bryant

Different Types of Router Memory

2009-09-02T14:00:00.000-07:00

An important part of your Cisco CCENT and CCNA certification studies is learning the differences between RAM, ROM, NVRAM, and Flash memory. You better know the differences when it comes to working in real-life networks as well, because vital Cisco files are found in these memory types - and since some of these files are lost on a router reload and some are not, we better know which is which!

The memory types and functions discussed in this section are the same for routers and switches, but to keep from saying "routers and switches" 500 times, I'll just say "routers". :)
Configuring the routers is a lot of fun, but we've got to know what's going on inside the router, too! Cisco routers have four different kinds of memory, and while some of the names are similar, their purpose is totally different.

The contents of some of these memory types is kept when the router is reloaded, and others are lost on a reload. We better know which is which!

It's a fair bet that these topics will come up on your CCENT and CCNA exams, and this is also information you've got to know to be a real network admin. Let's examine these four memory types closely and see what each one does!

ROM: Read-Only Memory. ROM stores the router's bootstrap startup program, operating system software, and power-on diagnostic test programs (POST).

Flash Memory: Generally referred to simply as "flash", the IOS images are held here. Flash is erasable and reprogrammable ROM. Flash memory content is retained by the router on reload.

RAM: Random-Access Memory. Stores operational information such as routing tables and the running configuration file. RAM contents are lost when the router is powered down or reloaded. By default, routers look here first for an Internetwork Operating System (IOS) file during boot.

NVRAM: Non-volatile RAM. NVRAM holds the router's startup configuration file. NVRAM contents are not lost when the router is powered down or reloaded.

Some important comparisons:
RAM contents are lost on reload, where NVRAM and Flash contents are not. NVRAM holds the startup configuration file, where RAM holds the running configuration file. Let's take a look at the boot process of a Cisco router, and then talk about the dreaded Setup Mode!
The Router Boot Process
When a Cisco router powers up, it first runs a series of POSTs (Power-On Self Test). A POST is a series of diagnostic tests designed to verify the basic operation of the network interfaces, memory, and the CPU.
Depending on the model or router of switch you're using, you can actually see some of these tests being passed. Here, I've reloaded a Cisco 2950 switch, and you can see some of the POSTs being run and passed at the very beginning of the bootup process.
Initializing flashfs...
flashfs[1]: 79 files, 3 directories
flashfs[1]: 0 orphaned files, 0 orphaned directori
flashfs[1]: Total bytes: 7741440
flashfs[1]: Bytes used: 5980672
flashfs[1]: Bytes available: 1760768
flashfs[1]: flashfs fsck took 7 seconds.
flashfs[1]: Initialization complete.
Done initializing flashfs.
POST: System Board Test : Passed
POST: Ethernet Controller Test : Passed
ASIC Initialization Passed
POST: FRONT-END LOOPBACK TEST : Passed
POSTs are particularly effective at detecting major problems early in the boot process, such as a broken fan. If the POST detects such a problem (usually called an "environmental factor") that would cause the router or switch to overheat after booting, the POST will fail, give you a clear message as to why the POST failed, and will then stop the boot process.
But let's speak positively here!
After the router passes the POST, it looks for a source from which to load a valid Internetwork Operating System (IOS). The router has three sources from which it can load an IOS image, and it's a good idea to know these sources and the order in which the router will look in each for the IOS image:
1. Flash memory (the default).
2. A TFTP server. (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
3. Read-Only Memory (ROM)
To change that order, a change must be made to the configuration register, and we'll talk about that later in the course. It's similar to the Microsoft Registry in that you should never change this value unless you are sure of the result.
Once the IOS is found, the router looks for a valid startup configuration file. By default, the router will look for the startup configuration file in Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM).
If no valid startup configuration file is found, the router enters setup mode, where the router runs the system configuration dialogue, a series of questions involving basic router setup. We'll take a look at Setup Mode in the next installment of my exclusive 640-802 CCNA and CCENT certification exam tutorial series!

By,

Chris Bryant

Basic Router Troubleshooting

2009-09-02T12:42:00.000-07:00

This CCNA ppt includes only Router Troubleshooting part. This will be very helpful for better understanding.

Download here : http://www.filefactory.com/file/ah50043/n/Router_Troublshoot-CCNA_rar

Cisco Router Simulator - A Checklist For Choosing the Right Simulator For Your CCNA

2009-09-02T12:23:00.000-07:00

A Cisco router simulator is an important tool for any CCNA candidate to prepare for the CCNA. This is because having hands-on knowledge is an important part of passing the CCNA these days. Skills such as configuration and troubleshooting are extremely prized amongst prospective employers. Thus, you definitely need to get a Cisco router simulator if you want to have any hope of passing the CCNA and getting that first network engineer job. Here is a short checklist of items to look out for when buying a Cisco router simulator:

1. What is included? - You need to check what is included in the simulator package. Is it a pure simulator with no included labs and guidance? Most Cisco router simulator packages have guided lab exercises which you can complete. These exercises cover the whole breadth of the CCNA exam and you can be more confident of passing the exam if you are able to do them well. If the package does not come with included lab exercises you might be forced to purchase them elsewhere which would be an additional cost.

2. Instructor - If the lab exercises are included (they should be included for most quality CCNA simulators), do check to see who is the instructor who wrote the lab. This is no guarantee of quality but a highly experienced trainer who has worked in the networking industry for many years with true practical experience definitely will be able to write better labs. These labs should be as close to a real networking issue and situation so that you can get the necessary hands-on knowledge.

3. Cost - A good Cisco router simulator should not be too expensive. A quality product can be purchased for less than $150, with free shipping from the major online retailers. This cost is definitely much lower than buying used Cisco devices from sites like eBay, so using a Cisco router simulator is definitely a very cost-effective way to study for your CCNA.

By,
Francis W Teo

How to Start For CCNA

2009-09-01T13:51:00.000-07:00

If you are intending to study for the CCNA exam on your own by using CCNA books, rather than taking a course at a school or other Cisco authorized training partner, you might be confused by the vast amount of CCNA preparation material out there. Here are 3 types of books you will definitely need in order to do well for the difficult Cisco CCNA networking certification exam:

1. CCNA books (self study) - These are the books which provide the main learning and technical material for the CCNA exam. The good books are closely aligned with the CCNA syllabus and updated regularly to keep up with the changes that Cisco makes almost yearly to the CCNA exam. They are usually of a high quality and are written by highly qualified and experienced network engineers. These authors usually have a high-level Cisco technical qualification such as the CCIE (Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert), which is the highest level of technical certification given to Cisco network professionals. You should be looking out for such qualities when choosing a good CCNA preparation book.

2. CCNA Exam cram books - These are the books you should be looking at once you are finished with the self-study books. At this point, you should be familiar with the technical written material and understand all the necessary concepts required to pass the CCNA exam. These exam cram books serve as a last minute revision so you can remember the essential concepts required to pass the CCNA. Unfortunately, many of the concepts in the exam are still quite recall-intensive, so using exam cram books to boost your ability to recall the facts is a very good idea.

3.CCNA Practice tests - Once you have all the necessary knowledge and facts, as well as a good understanding of the material, you should try out practice tests to ensure that you are able to answer test questions in a simulated test environment. Traditionally, these tests come in a book form where you just complete the questions in a book. These days, there are several computerized test programs where will simulate a real test. These ensure that you have a good feel for the exam before going for the real thing.

CCENT CBT -ICND1

2009-09-01T13:44:00.000-07:00

CCNA for Beginners

CCNA Beginners go through this video and make networking fundamentals strong.

http://rapidshare.com/files/247923909/CBT.CCNA.CCENT.640-822.ICND1.part01.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/247923869/CBT.CCNA.CCENT.640-822.ICND1.part02.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/247923942/CBT.CCNA.CCENT.640-822.ICND1.part03.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/247923867/CBT.CCNA.CCENT.640-822.ICND1.part04.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/247923907/CBT.CCNA.CCENT.640-822.ICND1.part05.rar
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CCNA - Command "Auto secure"

2009-09-01T13:26:00.000-07:00

In today's article, I'm going to quickly inform you about the Privileged EXEC command named "auto secure".

Network administrators (like you) use the "auto secure" command to secure the management and forwarding planes of a router.

Another way of saying it is, CCNAs use this command to secure a router by disabling common IP services which can be exploited by attackers to initiate network attacks. When the command is typed on a router, it takes the user (ccna) through a command line-interface (CLI) semi-interactive session (which is also known as the AutoSecure dialogue).

Below is the command's syntax:

auto secure [management | forwarding] [no-interact | full] [ntp | login | ssh | firewall | tcp-intercept]

As you can see, the command can use several "optional" keywords:

management - This (optional) keyword is used to only secure the management plane of a router.

forwarding - This (optional) keyword is used to only secure the forwarding plane of a router.

no-interact - A CCNA uses this (optional) keyword if he or she doesn't want to be prompted for any interactive configurations. (If this optional keyword is not used, the user will be shown the noninteractive configuration and the interactive configurations)

full - This (optional) keyword is used to indicate that the user (ccna) wants to be prompted for all interactive questions. (If this optional keyword is not used, the router will behave this way by default)

ntp - This optional keyword is used to specify the configuration of the Network Time Protocol (NTP) feature in the AutoSecure command line-interface (CLI).

login - This (optional) keyword is used to specify the configuration of the Login feature in the AutoSecure CLI.

ssh - This (optional) keyword is used to specify the configuration of the Secure Shell (SSH) feature in the AutoSecure CLI.

firewall - This (optional) keyword is used to specify the configuration of the firewall feature in the AutoSecure CLI.

tcp-intercept - And, this (optional) keyword is used to specify the configuration of the TCP-Intercept feature in the AutoSecure CLI.

Below is an example of the command being used:

Router>enable

Router#auto secure

--- AutoSecure Configuration ---

*** AutoSecure configuration enhances the security of the router, but it will not make it absolutely resistant to all security attacks ***

AutoSecure will modify the configuration of your device. All configuration changes will be shown. For a detailed explanation of how the configuration changes enhance security and any possible side effects, please refer to Cisco.com for Autosecure documentation. At any prompt you may enter '?' for help. Use ctrl-c to abort this session at any prompt.

As you can see, once the command is typed into the router, the user (ccna) is informed about the CLI semi-interactive session.

By Charles E Ross

CCNA Beginners - Its for you

2009-08-31T12:13:00.000-07:00

For CCNA Beginners I highly recommend this CCNA PPT.
This material will be useful for easy understanding of Networking. Download it now.

Click Here:

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If you going to start CCNA study don't miss this.

GNS3 Grapical Network Simulator

2009-08-31T11:41:00.000-07:00

What is GNS3 ?

GNS3 is a graphical network simulator that allows simulation of complex networks.

To allow complete simulations, GNS3 is strongly linked with :

* Dynamips, the core program that allows Cisco IOS emulation.
* Dynagen, a text-based front-end for Dynamips.
* Pemu, a Cisco PIX firewall emulator based on Qemu.

GNS3 is an excellent complementary tool to real labs for Cisco network engineers, administrators and people wanting to pass certifications such as CCNA, CCNP, CCIP or CCIE.

It can also be used to experiment features of Cisco IOS or to check configurations that need to be deployed later on real routers.

This project is an open source, free program that may be used on multiple operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and MacOS X.
Features overview

* Design of high quality and complex network topologies.
* Emulation of many Cisco router platforms and PIX firewalls.
* Simulation of simple Ethernet, ATM and Frame Relay switches.
* Connection of the simulated network to the real world!
* Packet capture using Wireshark.

Important notice: users have to provide their own Cisco IOS to use with GNS3.

Below you can download GNS3, a network simulator for making topologies of routers (IOS) and firewalls (PIX). It is particularly useful for training to Cisco certifications (CCNA, CCNP, CCSP, CCVP or CCIE).

DOWNLOAD HERE

http://rapidshare.com/files/273959048/GNS3_with_tutorial.rar.html

Or

http://www.4shared.com/file/129149535/a7ba9b5/GNS3_with_tutorial.html

Do not use boson network simulator.

How To Select A Good CBT Video

2009-08-31T10:47:00.000-07:00

Using CCNA video training is a great way to study for your CCNA. There are several advantages, including low cost and having a highly qualified virtual instructor to teach you the difficult networking concepts anytime and anywhere. You are able to repeat the virtual class as many times as you like, until you are able to understand. Here are 6 factors to consider when you are buying CCNA video training:

1. Instructor - There is a large variety of CCNA video training available on the market. The best ones are taught by highly qualified CCIE certified network engineers. These instructors typically have years of experience in the networking industry and are not only able to teach the material well, they can also share with you tips and tricks from an industry insider's perspective. Be sure to check the qualifications and experience of the instructor before getting any video training.

2. Quality of CCNA Video Training - The resolution of the videos are crucial to the learning experience. Although it is definitely not necessary to have high-definition video, they must be clear enough for you to be able to learn effectively. For example, if the video is demonstrating command line configuration, the resolution should be enough so that you can watch the commands being typed in and the corresponding results.

3. Formats - You should take note of the format of the training video to ensure that the video can be played on your computer. If if it's in an industry standard format such as AVI or WMV, this should present less issues when trying to play the video.

4. Bonuses - Some video packages include many valuable bonuses including videos and audio files which can be played on your iPod, transcriptions of the video training and included practice tests. The cost of these extras will definitely add up, should you need to purchase them separately. It's definitely a great boon if they are all included in the package for the same price.

5. Guarantee - Does the video package come with any guarantees? Although it's not guaranteed that you will pass the CCNA exam, CCNA video training can be rather expensive (when compared to a book) and it is always reassuring that you get a satisfaction guarantee. The guarantee period should also be at least a month long so you have time to use the training and evaluate it to see if it's a quality product.

6. Cost - How much does the training cost? A good training package need not be too expensive. There are many discount deals if you know where to look. A complete and good quality CCNA video training package can be purchased for under $400, often with many bonuses thrown in.

By Francis W Teo

Pass CCNA - CCNA Home LAB

2009-08-31T09:21:00.000-07:00

More Cisco CCNA, CCENT, and CCNP candidates than ever before are putting together their own home labs for their certification exam study, and that's a great trend - there's nothing like learning on the real thing!

Part of putting a home lab together is getting the right cables and understanding their usage. In this new Cisco home lab series, we'll take a look at the different cable types and how each fits into your home lab. The first cable type we'll look at is the multi-purpose DTE/DCE cable.

When I say "multi-purpose", I mean that while the cable will always perform the same task, it can be used in several different points in your home lab network. If you're going to have a frame relay switch - and you should get one if at all possible, since having your own frame relay cloud is a tremendous boost to your home lab studies and your exam score - you're going to need a DTE/DCE cable.

You can also use a DTE/DCE cable to directly connect two Cisco router serial interfaces and configure HDLC (the default) or PPP encapsulation over that point-to-point link.

Most of today's DTE/DCE cables have "DTE" clearly stamped on one end of the cable - actually, "DTE" is probably embedded into the connector itself. Naturally, the other end will have "DCE" clearly indicated. It's the DCE end that will connect to your frame relay switch. If you're going to use a direct connection to run PPP or HDLC, it almost doesn't matter which end of the cable is connected to a given router.

Keyword: "almost". You must use the clockrate command on the DCE end of the connection in order to bring the line protocol up.

If you're not sure which end of your DTE/DCE cable is connected to a given serial interface, just use the show controller serial command to get that information. Most of the output of that command isn't comprehensible, but what we need is right on top:

R3#show controller serial 1
HD unit 1, idb = 0x11B4DC, driver structure at 0x121868
buffer size 1524 HD unit 1, V.35 DCE cable

Naturally, if it's the DTE end, you'll see "DTE" there. And if you don't have anything connected to that interface, you'll see "no cable".

Whether you have your own frame relay switch or not, you'll want to pick up some DTE/DCE cables for direct connections between your Cisco home lab router's serial interfaces. Just don't forget to put the clockrate command on the DCE end of the cable! And if you're not familiar with a frame relay switch, check this same website soon for a tutorial that will show you how to set one up.

Just about any Cisco router can serve as a home lab frame relay switch, and once you've got it configured, you're in good shape - but it can be a little maddening to get it up and running in the first place. I'll show you how to avoid that aggravation in the next installment of this Cisco home lab tutorial series!

By,

Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933

CCNA free Study Guide

2009-08-29T17:49:00.000-07:00

If you are intending to study for the CCNA exam on your own by using CCNA books, rather than taking a course at a school or other Cisco authorized training partner, you might be confused by the vast amount of CCNA preparation material out there. Here are 3 types of books you will definitely need in order to do well for the difficult Cisco CCNA networking certification exam: ALso refer ccna exam review questions answer key posted earlier.

1.CCNA books (self study) - These are the books which provide the main learning and technical material for the CCNA exam. The good books are closely aligned with the CCNA syllabus and updated regularly to keep up with the changes that Cisco makes almost yearly to the CCNA exam. They are usually of a high quality and are written by highly qualified and experienced network engineers. These authors usually have a high-level Cisco technical qualification such as the CCIE (Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert), which is the highest level of technical certification given to Cisco network professionals. You should be looking out for such qualities when choosing a good CCNA preparation book.

Exam cram books - These are the books you should be looking at once you are finished with the self-study books. At this point, you should be familiar with the technical written material and understand all the necessary concepts required to pass the CCNA exam. These exam cram books serve as a last minute revision so you can remember the essential concepts required to pass the CCNA. Unfortunately, many of the concepts in the exam are still quite recall-intensive, so using exam cram books to boost your ability to recall the facts is a very good idea.

3.Practice tests - Once you have all the necessary knowledge and facts, as well as a good understanding of the material, you should try out practice tests to ensure that you are able to answer test questions in a simulated test environment. Traditionally, these tests come in a book form where you just complete the questions in a book. These days, there are several computerized test programs where will simulate a real test. These ensure that you have a good feel for the exam before going for the real thing.
by,
Francis W Teo

Don't Get Caught Off-Guard, Be Prepared

2009-08-28T17:38:00.000-07:00

The Cisco certification exam is not easy. On top of that, it's pretty expensive, too, with test takers paying $125-$150. Those taking the certification exam should be as prepared as possible. Being certified should be a one-time deal. No one should have to pay for more than one test. The facet of the test that affects most people being certified is the simulator section. Router simulation via virtual labs and practice tests is a great way to help with test preparation. The CCNA exam is not something to be taken lightly.

The CCNA simulator takes the most time on the test and that is where the majority of the test takers will make or break their test. It is both the toughest portion, and the most important portion. You can't simply answer "C" and move on like you can with several other tests. A simulation router helps the one being certified go through extensive practicals and troubleshooting methods. Router simulators should emulate the actual test design so the students are not caught off guard.

Life can get ahead of some people and study time is at a minimum. On the one hand it is important to take time to study for countless hours and on the other, it is equally wise to save the time studying and study effectively. It's common knowledge that the simulator section is the most time consuming and difficult. Why not have the simulation at your fingertips? That is an effective way to prepare for the test.

It is proven that those who have taken advantage of simulator software score higher and oftentimes get certified the first time they take the exam.

By Paras P

Cisco Simulator - Pros and Cons of Using a CCNA Virtual Lab to Prepare For Your CCNA Exam

2009-08-28T06:25:00.000-07:00

Using a Cisco simulator is a popular way to prepare for the practical aspect of the CCNA. Having hands-on practical experience in the configuration of Cisco IOS is important both for passing the CCNA and for your CCNA career. The alternative to using a CCNA virtual lab is to purchase either new or used Cisco switches and routers and hook them up at home to use as a practice lab. Here are some pros and cons of using a Cisco simulator to prepare for your CCNA:

Pros:

Cisco simulators are cheap - This is the number one reason why people turn to using CCNA virtual labs instead of the real thing. The cost of real Cisco switches and routers is extremely high, even if you buy them used. For a CCNA student on a budget, this is not a very feasible option. Cisco simulators can be purchased cheaply for $150 or below and are definitely a cost effective option.
Built in lab scenarios - The virtual labs comprise not only a simulation, but also training materials as well. The good CCNA virtual lab packages usually have built in scenarios which will guide you step by step through the commands you need to know. These scenarios are usually written by highly qualified instructors. This is a feature that you'll need to get separately via lab manuals if you buy a real lab.
Convenient - Unlike a home lab, you can install the Cisco simulator program on your laptop and bring it with you so you can get practice anywhere and anytime even if you aren't connected to the internet. Many CCNA students do not have that much time to study and this is a great way to maximize study time.

Cons:

Not a complete simulation - Any CCNA virtual lab cannot possibly simulate all portions of Cisco IOS or support all the commands of the real IOS. Such CCNA simulators are simply a training aid. If you are using it for your CCNA, it is definitely more than sufficient. If you are intending to explore completely all the functions of the Cisco IOS router or switch, you'll probably want to look at using a home lab.
Not a real router - The Cisco simulator also cannot simulate the real routing of packets. For a real lab, you can integrate it with your home and office network to have a real feel of how packets and frames are switched and routed through the network. This is simply not possible with a mere simulation.

Despite all the cons, I still highly recommend using a CCNA simulator to get some needed hands-on practice on Cisco IOS. It is definitely the most cost effective way to do this for any new CCNA network engineer.

To find out more about how to choose the right Cisco simulator or what to consider when buying a CCNA virtual lab, mail to itmaster.us@gmail.com

by

Francis W Teo

CCNA Voice CBT's

2008-11-03T20:01:00.001-08:00

CCNA Voice Certification

The Cisco® CCNA Voice certification confirms that you have the required skill set for specialized job roles in voice technologies such as voice technologies administrator, voice engineer, and voice manager. It validates skills in VoIP technologies such as IP PBX, IP telephony, handset, call control, and voicemail solutions. Candidates also get exposure to the Cisco Unified Communications architecture and design covering mobility, presence, and TelePresence applications.

The CCNA Voice Certification enables employers to validate that their staff possess a strong foundation in voice applications and infrastructure concepts; and are capable of performing baseline installation, operating, and maintenance tasks on Cisco VoIP solutions, particularly the Smart Business Communications System from 8-250 lines.

CCNA Voice Prerequisites
Valid CCNA

Exam TopicsThe following topics are general guidelines for the content likely to be included on the Implementing Cisco IOS Unified Communications exam. However, other related topics may also appear on any specific delivery of the exam. In order to better reflect the contents of the exam and for clarity purposes, the guidelines below may change at any time without notice.

Describe the components of the Cisco Unified Communications Architecture
Describe the function of the infrastructure in a UC environment
Describe the function of endpoints in a UC environment
Describe the function of the call processing agent in a UC environment
Describe the function of messaging in a UC environment
Describe the function of auto attendants and IVRs in a UC environment
Describe the function of contact center in a UC environment
Describe the applications available in the UC environment, including Mobility, Presence, and Telepresence
Describe how the Unified Communications components work together to create the Cisco Unified Communications Architecture

Describe PSTN components and technologies
Describe the services provided by the PSTN
Describe time division and statistical multiplexing
Describe supervisory, informational, and address signalling
Describe numbering plans
Describe analog circuits
Describe digital voice circuits
Describe PBX, trunk lines, key-systems, and tie lines

Describe VoIP components and technologies
Describe the process of voice packetization
Describe RTP and RTCP
Describe the function of and differences between codecs
Describe H.323, MGCP, SIP, and SCCP signalling protocols

Describe and configure gateways, voice ports, and dial peers to connect to the PSTN and service provider networks
Describe the function and application of a dial plan
Describe the function and application of voice Gateways
Describe the function and application of voice ports in a Gateway
Describe the function and operation of call-legs
Describe and configure voice dial peers
Describe the differences between PSTN and Internet Telephony Service Provider circuits

Describe and configure a Cisco network to support VoIP
Describe the purpose of VLANs in a VoIP environment
Describe the environmental considerations to support VoIP
Configure switched infrastructure to support voice and data VLANs
Describe the purpose and operation of PoE
Identify the factors that impact voice quality
Describe how QoS addresses voice quality issues
Identify where QoS is deployed in the UC infrastructure

Implement UC500 using Cisco Configuration Assistant
Describe the function and operation of Cisco Configuration Assistant
Configure UC500 device parameters
Configure UC500 network parameters
Configure UC500 dial plan and voicemail parameters
Configure UC500 SIP trunk parameters
Configure UC500 voice system features
Configure UC500 user parameters

Implement Cisco Unified Communications Manager Express to support endpoints using CLI
Describe the appropriate software components needed to support endpoints
Describe the requirements and correct settings for DHCP, NTP, and TFTP
Configure DHCP, NTP and TFTP
Describe the differences between key system and PBX mode
Describe the differences between the different types of ephones and ephone-dns
Configure Cisco Unified Communications Manager Express endpoints
Configure call-transfer per design specifications
Configure voice productivity features, including hunt groups, call park, call pickup, paging groups, and paging/intercom
Configure Music on Hold

Implement voicemail features using Cisco Unity Express
Describe the Cisco Unity Express hardware platforms
Configure the foundational elements required for Cisco Unified Communications Manager Express to support Cisco Unity Express
Describe the features available in Cisco Unity Express
Configure AutoAttendant services using Cisco Unity Express
Configure basic voicemail features using Cisco Unity Express

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Download CCNA CBTs

2008-11-02T19:39:00.000-08:00

Cisco Networking Simplified

2008-10-31T06:14:00.000-07:00

Cisco Networking Simplified(2nd edition).download here-

Click here !

CCNA Presentation ppt

2008-10-31T03:01:00.000-07:00

This material will be useful for easy understanding. Download it now.

Click here !

TK new CCNA-640-802-12

2008-03-10T09:13:00.000-07:00

Download TK-CCNA-640-802-12

Click here-
Download

Test Inside 640-802 v13

2008-01-19T20:20:00.000-08:00

Download Test Inside-

Click here
http://http//www.4shared.com/file/130461449/fbc5b61f/CCNA_important_Questions.html

CCNA important Questions.rar

The Complete Guide to Network Wiring

2008-01-16T20:20:00.000-08:00

Book Description:

Choosing the right cables and components for your network architecture and topologyAvoiding unnecessary and unexpected costs
Understanding the current limitations of data communications and network cablingUnderstanding how laws and building codes constrain cabling
Understanding the function and importance of universal cabling standardsDetermining when you have a cabling-related network problem
Assembling a complete cabling
toolkitIntegrating voice and data on the same cable systemSetting up an infrastructure in which desktops, printers, copiers, and other nodes share cablingUnderstanding issues of bandwidth, impedance, resistance, attenuation, crosstalk, capacitance, propagation, delay, and delay skewWorking effectively with USB and FirewireKnowing when to discard legacy cabling and begin anewDocumenting your cablingCreating an RFP and selecting a vendor

Click here! To download

CCNA Study Guide(Exam 640-802) -updated

2008-01-16T20:08:00.000-08:00

Master all these topics.

TCP/IP Version 4
How to Subnet
VLSM
Route Summarization
Introduction to Cisco Devices
The Command-Line Interface
Configuring a Router
Configuring a Single Cisco Router
Routing
Static Routing
RIP 75
EIGRP
Single Area OSPF
Switching 103
Configuring a Switch
VLANs
VLAN Trunking Protocol and Inter-VLAN Routing
STP and EtherChannel
Extending the LAN
Implementing a Wireless LAN
Network Administration and Troubleshooting
Backing Up and Restoring Cisco IOS Software and
Configurations
Password-Recovery Procedures and the Configuration
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
Telnet and SSH
The ping and traceroute Commands
SNMP and Syslog
Basic Troubleshooting
Managing IP Services
DHCP
IPv6
WANs 249
HDLC and PPP
Frame Relay
Network Security
IP Access Control List Security
Security Device Manager

Download from here :

http://www.filefactory.com/file/ah64g94/n/Sybex_study_guide-_updated_rar

CCNA Discovery

2008-01-16T09:39:00.000-08:00

Download CCNA Discovery which consist of 4 parts

Part 1 - Networking for Home and Small Businesses -Click here !

Part 2- Working at a Small to Medium Business or ISP -Click here !

Part3- Introducing Routing and Switching in the Enterprise- Click here !

Part4- Designing and Supporting Computer Networks -Click here !

CCNA_INTERVIEW_QUESTIONS

2008-01-16T09:23:00.000-08:00

Download CCNA_INTERVIEW_QUESTIONS.PDF- Click here !

P4S CCNA Latest

2008-01-14T11:06:00.000-08:00

If you Study these Questions you can pass your CCNA Exam comfortably.

Download P4S - Click here !

Test Engine- CCNA

2008-01-11T05:43:00.000-08:00

Download this Test Engine and Pass your CCNA, It is really good.

Download CCNA Test Engine - Click here

Starting a Career with Computers

2008-01-04T23:37:00.000-08:00

In today's fast-paced and technically-driven world almost any type of job involves using computers.

To be unfamiliar with current and evolving technological trends is to be in the doldrums and lagging behind others who are surging rapidly ahead in their careers. So, it only makes sense to become familiar, and even extremely knowledgeable about computers, whether ranging from basic to advanced knowhow. And it's not like knowing about or working with computers is uninteresting. Rather, it's quite exciting since it's always constantly progressing.

So, why not hop on the computer train and start shoveling your own coal to fuel the ever-needy furnace that is the technological workforce? You've got nothing to lose and everything to gain.

There are a few steps to consider following if you would like to start working with computers:

Fool Around and Inform Yourself:
Get your feet wet, especially if you're not a computer person or if you have little to no prior computer knowledge. Play around with different softwares, programs and the Internet. The more familiar you are with computers when you pursue further education the better off you'll be.
And if you're in a state of complete confusion or you feel like a lost child, seek a "computer mentor," someone very computer savvy who can transfer their knowledge your way.
On the other hand, if you're already semi-familiar with computers - as I'm sure a large majority of readers of this article already are - continue what you're doing. Refine your knowledge and skills. Research and update what you already know through articles online and printed literature. Absorb as much as you can.

Get Certified, Get Ahead:
Certain technical companies that you might already be familiar with (Microsoft, Apple, Dell, Toshiba, Hewlett-Packard, etc.) are constantly seeking well-informed and professionally trained individuals to hire. Now, to get hired, you must have certification. Companies rely on paper proof, in the form of raw certification, to measure competency in prospective employees.
So, if you can prove you are indeed qualified and able to perform whatever technical task an employer is seeking in a possible employee, chances are you'll get hired immediately. Otherwise, without proof of ability you won't even receive a glance from any technical company's Human Resources department.

Got An IT Job? Great, Continue To Learn!
Perform well with your own tasks and work, but don't sell yourself short. Seek other avenues to expand your knowledge, both within your place of employment and from outside, non-job sources.
While at work, if you've accomplished what was required of you, seek other projects, even if they're outside of your department. Shadow a fellow employee and learn what they're doing and how to do it. This shows initiative in wanting to know more and potential for growing within the company. By doing this you can gain promotions and better job opportunities, simply based off your expanded computer knowhow.
Outside of the office, you can opt to learn more, whether this knowledge is relevant to your current job or completely new to you. Take sit-down courses, sign up for seminars or download at-home courses you can take from the comfort of your own desk.
As you're already aware, working with computers is unavoidable. It's just up to you whether or not you choose to accept the current technological trends. If you do choose to hop on the computer train, be prepared to strap in tight and hold on. For the industry is ever-expanding and evolving at an accelerated pace. And it's quite clear that knowing computers and their intricacies allows for a definite and quite successful career. So, what are you waiting for? Get on board while you still can.

Boson[1].Network.Simulator.7.

2008-01-04T19:52:00.000-08:00

Download Part1 and Part2 -total size 15mb+9mb

Download Boson Network Simulator 7 Part 1- Click here!

Download Boson Network Simulator 7 Part 2- Click here!

CCNA for Beginners

2008-01-04T01:44:00.000-08:00

If you are new to the computer networks,I recommend reading this book because it teaches you from the fundamentals. This will allow you to climb all cisco certification with ease.

Download CCNA for Dummies! Click here

If you have any queries regarding CCNA pls do post comments

Download Boson_Router_Simulator_v6R2_for_CCNA &CCNP

2008-01-04T01:32:00.000-08:00

Download Boson - Click here

Sybex CCNA Fast Pass

2008-01-03T07:28:00.000-08:00

Read this E-book and pass your CCNA.

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Sybex CCNA ! Click here

IT Training For The Future

2008-01-02T09:01:00.000-08:00

Technology is growing at an unprecedented rate, which is why it makes a lot of sense to consider IT training for the future. There are many different information technology fields to choose from so you certainly have options to fit your interests. And the job opportunities are fantastic!
Almost all universities and colleges of IT training, and there are plenty of smaller facilities, as well as online educational facilities that offer information technology training. Once you have your training the world will be at your fingertips with so many job offers you'll be wondering why you did not do this sooner.

Your IT training can provide you for all kinds of jobs in the field. You can find careers in anything from technical support to network administration. What's for sure is that you are going to have an excellent earning potential no matter which information technology career you choose. And the employment opportunities are definitely endless. Careers in IT are also very rewarding and the learning never ends as technology is continuously changing.

Some schools offer no other type of training other than information technology training. If you are tired of that dead end, going no where job, this just might be the time for you to consider IT training which can improve your future a great deal. The schools offering it can be just around the corner from where you live or half way across the country but thanks to the internet you can still attend, without ever leaving home.

Taking your IT training by correspondence or online has some other perks and that is you can continue to work so that you aren't racking up huge amounts of debt while you attend school full-time. This is also an excellent option for adults that already have commitments such as family, or a mortgage payment. An information technology career is going to ensure that your earning power both now and in the future is going to be improved considerably.

What career options open to you will depend on what you choose as well as whether you complete a certificate, diploma, or degree. Of course the more schooling the more earning potential and more options as well.

The IT job market is booming and there is no end in site as technology continues to advance at a rapid pace and more and more businesses begin to depend on it, as well as home users. It is estimated that only 30% of the world's developed population are currently using computers, which means there is plenty of room to grow, which is why now is the best time for that IT training. So what are you waiting for?

Now is a great time to consider which IT career would best suit your interests. Then it's time to start looking at all your schooling options, and deciding which is the best method for you to get your IT training. Don't put it off because getting it today means a rosier future tomorrow!

Cisco Books

2007-12-30T09:22:00.000-08:00

Cisco IP Routing Protocols Troubleshooting Techniques.chmCisco Pres Cisco - Router Configuration Second Edition(2000).chmCisco Press - 802.11 Wireless Network Site Surveying and Installation.chmCisco Press - 2004 - Home Networking. A Visual Do-It-Yourself Guide - DDU.chmCisco Press - Advanced MPLS Design and Implementation(2001).chmCisco Press - Building MPLS-Based Broadband Access VPNs.chmCisco Press - CCIE Professional Development Cisco LAN Switching(1999).chmCisco Press - CCIE Professional Development Network Security Principles and Practices(2002).chmCisco Press - CCIE Professional Development Routing TCP IP Volume 1 2nd Edition(2005).chmCisco Press - CCIE Self Study CCIE Security Practice Labs(2004).chmCisco Press - CCSP Self-Study CCSP CSI Exam Certification Guide 2nd Edition.chmCisco Press - Cisco LAN Switching Fundamentals.chmCisco Press - Cisco Router Firewall Security(2004).chmCisco Press - Cisco Router Firewall Security.chmCisco Press - Cisco Routing TCPIP Volume I.chmCisco Press - Cisco Routing TCPIP Volume II.chmCisco Press - Definitive MPLS Network Designs.chmCisco Press - Home Networking A Visual Do-It-Yourself Guide.chmCisco Press - Integrated Cisco and UNIX Network Architectures.chmCisco Press - Interdomain Multicast Solutions Guide(2002).chmCisco Press - LAN Switching First-Step.chmCisco Press - Layer 2 VPN Architectures.chmCisco Press - IPSec VPN Design.chmCisco Press - Layer 2 VPN Architectures.chmCisco Press - Network Security Fundamentals.chmCisco Press - Routing First-Step(2004).chmCisco Press - Routing TCP IP Volume II.chmCisco Press - Signaling System No. 7 (SS7C7) Protocol Architecture and Services.chmCisco Press - Storage Networking Fundamentals An Introduction to Storage Devices Subsystems Applications Management and Filing Systems.chmCisco Press - The Business Case For E-Learning.chmCisco Press - The Business Case for Network Security Advocacy Governance and ROI.chmcisco press lan switching first-step.chmCisco Press Network Security Principles and Practices.chmCisco Press Optical Network Design and Implementation.chmCisco Press Top-Down Network Design 2nd Edition(2004).chmcisco press wireless networks first-step.chmCisco Press, Cisco Lan Switching Fundamentals (2004) Ddu.chmCisco.Press.CCIE.Security.Exam.Certification.Guide.CCIE.Self.Study.2nd.Edition.May.2005.eBook-LiB.chmCisco.Press.Cisco.LAN.Switching.Fundamentals.Jul.2004.eBook-DDU.chmCisco.Press.Definitive.MPLS.Network.Designs.Mar.2005.chmCisco.Press.Layer.2.VPN.Architectures.Mar.2005.eBook-LiB.chmCisco.Press.Network.Administrators.Survival.Guide.Sep.2005.chm

Download here

http://rapidshare.com/files/78390583/Cisco_Press_-_CHM_e-book2.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/78401168/Cisco_Press_-_CHM_e-book3.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/78418203/Cisco_Press_-_CHM_e-book5.rar

CCENT CBT

2007-12-30T09:18:00.000-08:00

14+ Hours of Cisco Networking and CCENT Certification Training Videos..
Introduction to Networking - TCP/IP and OSI Model
Learn about Ethernet and Ethernet Standards
Switching
Cisco Switch and Router Commands
IP Addressing and Routing Process
Basic Network Protocols - DNS, ARP, DHCP
Router Memory, Configuration Files, Basic Router Commands
Wireless LANs
Subnetting
Static Routing and Introduction Routing Protocol
Cisco WANS
Troubleshooting Cisco Networks and Cisco Hardware

Download here

http://rapidshare.com/files/75529554/TSC.CCENT.T.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/76468694/TSC.CCENT.T.part2.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/77145778/TSC.CCENT.T.part3.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/75748747/TSC.CCENT.T.part4.rar

CCNA4_Practice_Labs.zip

2007-12-26T08:34:00.000-08:00

Download CCNA4_Practice_Labs Click here !

Download 640-802_CCNA_Recommend_Readings.rar Click here !

Visit This Blog

2007-12-21T09:24:00.000-08:00

Also Refer this site for More Cisco Certification tips and materials

http://cisco-certificates.blogspot.com/

2007-12-21T09:00:00.000-08:00

Download CCNA- Portable Command Guide .Pdf

http://www.4shared.com/file/24713752/43769411/640_802_CCNA_Ver4_.html?s=1

Download CCNA-640-802 Sybex Version 6.0

http://www.4shared.com/file/24848752/adc12eb5/CCNA_640-802.html?s=1

Download 640-802 CCENT-CCNA Exam Certification Guides.rar

http://www.4shared.com/file/26515993/6d66297f/640-802_CCENT-CCNA_Exam_Certification_Guides.html?s=1

Download Boson.NetSim.for.CCNA.v6.020060418054800.rar

http://www.4shared.com/file/17001671/dc8001e3/BosonNetSimforCCNAv6020060418054800.html?s=1

Download ccna ccnp interview..zip

2007-12-15T20:05:00.000-08:00

This interview questions will make your way to networking job much easier. Download this from the following link.

http://www.4shared.com/file/25859178/58049cfa/ccna_ccnp_interview.html?s=1

ISCW Pass4sure 642-825.93.rar

2007-12-15T19:48:00.000-08:00

Follow the link to download ISCW

http://www.4shared.com/file/29535870/e7a61cf5/pass4u_ISCW_642-82593.html?s=1

How To Attract Girls

2007-12-11T08:40:00.000-08:00

Attract Girl You Want

Visit:

http://attractchicks.blogspot.com/

Start Preparing Now

2007-11-29T19:12:00.000-08:00

Follow this given link to dwonload Testinside 640-802.
This question bank will help you passing the CCNA exam.

http://www.4shared.com/file/30131191/4c32aa6e/TestInside_CCNA_640-802.html?s=1

All the best.

Network Fundamentals 2

2007-11-19T19:15:00.000-08:00

Friends download this power point which is the second part of my previous post. I am sure it would help you to build your networking knowledge better.

download from here..

http://www.4shared.com/file/29803645/682aa061/CCNA-FUND-Part2_-Networksavvy.html

see again with some important stuffs...

Do's & Dont's

2007-11-15T04:23:00.000-08:00

Do's & Dont's

1) Learn consistently for 2 to 3 hours daily without giving any break, this will avoid unwanted distraction of other subject you are dealing with.

2) Think only about networking for few months so that you will develop interest in it and you will achieve the target.

3)Do not refer too many books, This will lessen your confidence and a mere waste of time. So stick to one reference book. Understand it well

4)CCNA people must always work on binary- decimal conversion,IP address, Subnetting etc. So keep working on this, so that it flows from your mind without any friction. This is very important for the interview purpose also.

5)always work on simulators along with your reading if required. This will allow you to get acquainted with the commands.

6)Take notes of what you read and you have to refresh it by reading it again the same day then next day morning. Brain tends to forget 90% of the things which you read if it is not reiterated. I will post a separate article on how to memorise better. It will be useful in all the aspect.

See you soon....

Start Now -First Lesson

2007-11-14T05:04:00.000-08:00

Hope all of you have gathered the required materials for your preparation. If so, It's time to start with our first lesson.

If you wanna gain better understanding in CCNA, you must be thorough with the fundamentals i.e the basic computer hardware knowledge. If you are new to networking then it is a mandatory requirement that one must master the computer and network components. If you ask me, Where can I get ? Here it is, you will not get anymore power point simpler than this..

download here......

http://www.4shared.com/get/21862362/c6a04909/BosonNetSimforCCNP60key.html

So go through this 4 modules and understand the hardware part of it. I bet this would give confidence when you climb all cisco certifications.

Download it & read twice or thrice then start referring your CCNA book.
Spend 2 hours daily for reading alone and see what happens....

We'll start with our 2nd lesson soon......

Rapidshare Cheater

2007-11-11T04:29:00.000-08:00

I am giving a link for RapidShare Cheater, This will allow you to download unlimited from rapidshare, I vow.

This will be very helpful for you to gather some of the study materials for free.

Just click on the below given link, wait for few seconds till you get the download option. After the download, just unzip and use it. It works fine on all OS. Follow the user guide which is given along with the crack.

http://www.4shared.com/file/27971301/8eaadff4/RapidShare_Time_Resetter_Graceman.html?s=1

Router Memory - Important for beginners

2007-11-11T03:56:00.000-08:00

An important part of your Cisco CCENT and CCNA certification studies is learning the differences between RAM, ROM, NVRAM, and Flash memory. You better know the differences when it comes to working in real-life networks as well, because vital Cisco files are found in these memory types - and since some of these files are lost on a router reload and some are not, we better know which is which!
The memory types and functions discussed in this section are the same for routers and switches, but to keep from saying "routers and switches" 500 times, I'll just say "routers". :)
Configuring the routers is a lot of fun, but we've got to know what's going on inside the router, too! Cisco routers have four different kinds of memory, and while some of the names are similar, their purpose is totally different.
The contents of some of these memory types is kept when the router is reloaded, and others are lost on a reload. We better know which is which!
It's a fair bet that these topics will come up on your CCENT and CCNA exams, and this is also information you've got to know to be a real network admin. Let's examine these four memory types closely and see what each one does!
ROM: Read-Only Memory. ROM stores the router’s bootstrap startup program, operating system software, and power-on diagnostic test programs (POST).
Flash Memory: Generally referred to simply as “flash”, the IOS images are held here. Flash is erasable and reprogrammable ROM. Flash memory content is retained by the router on reload.
RAM: Random-Access Memory. Stores operational information such as routing tables and the running configuration file. RAM contents are lost when the router is powered down or reloaded. By default, routers look here first for an Internetwork Operating System (IOS) file during boot.
NVRAM: Non-volatile RAM. NVRAM holds the router’s startup configuration file. NVRAM contents are not lost when the router is powered down or reloaded.
Some important comparisons:
RAM contents are lost on reload, where NVRAM and Flash contents are not.
NVRAM holds the startup configuration file, where RAM holds the running configuration file.
Let's take a look at the boot process of a Cisco router, and then talk about the dreaded Setup Mode!
The Router Boot Process
When a Cisco router powers up, it first runs a series of POSTs (Power-On Self Test). A POST is a series of diagnostic tests designed to verify the basic operation of the network interfaces, memory, and the CPU.
Depending on the model or router of switch you're using, you can actually see some of these tests being passed. Here, I've reloaded a Cisco 2950 switch, and you can see some of the POSTs being run and passed at the very beginning of the bootup process.
Initializing flashfs...
flashfs[1]: 79 files, 3 directories
flashfs[1]: 0 orphaned files, 0 orphaned directori
flashfs[1]: Total bytes: 7741440
flashfs[1]: Bytes used: 5980672
flashfs[1]: Bytes available: 1760768
flashfs[1]: flashfs fsck took 7 seconds.
flashfs[1]: Initialization complete.
Done initializing flashfs.
POST: System Board Test : Passed
POST: Ethernet Controller Test : Passed
ASIC Initialization Passed
POST: FRONT-END LOOPBACK TEST : Passed
POSTs are particularly effective at detecting major problems early in the boot process, such as a broken fan. If the POST detects such a problem (usually called an "environmental factor") that would cause the router or switch to overheat after booting, the POST will fail, give you a clear message as to why the POST failed, and will then stop the boot process.
But let's speak positively here!
After the router passes the POST, it looks for a source from which to load a valid Internetwork Operating System (IOS). The router has three sources from which it can load an IOS image, and it's a good idea to know these sources and the order in which the router will look in each for the IOS image:
1. Flash memory (the default).
2. A TFTP server. (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
3. Read-Only Memory (ROM)
To change that order, a change must be made to the configuration register, and we'll talk about that later in the course. It's similar to the Microsoft Registry in that you should never change this value unless you are sure of the result.
Once the IOS is found, the router looks for a valid startup configuration file. By default, the router will look for the startup configuration file in Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM).
If no valid startup configuration file is found, the router enters setup mode, where the router runs the system configuration dialogue, a series of questions involving basic router setup. We'll take a look at Setup Mode in the next installment of my exclusive 640-802 CCNA and CCENT certification exam tutorial series!

Materials Required For CCNA Exam

2007-11-10T20:07:00.000-08:00

I'm gonna explain my study technique which I gathered after experimenting with several people like my friends, colleagues etc. They all succeeded & also appreciated me for my plan. This motivated me to start such a blog.
Please gather all the study materials now for your exam preparation.

You need the following things.
1. Single Book for referring Like Cisco Press Book or CCNA Study guide by Todd Lamle.
I personally suggest you to use Todd Lamle as a beginner for easy understanding.
2.CBT (Computer Based Training) program for understanding the concepts indepth without much effort.
There are several CBT programs available in the market. I prefer few of them like Trainsignal, CBT Nuggets. They are the best.
3.Cisco Router/Switch simulator like Boson.
4.Exam preparation dumps.
There are several Dumps available in the market. I prefer some of the best product like Pass4sure & Testinside. These are very effective one.
5. membership in few IT certificate forum, The best forum is

http://www.sadikhov.com/ You will get lot of valuable information from this site in forum section.

So before my next post arrange all the above materials and support programs so that we can start with our study plan. I need your comments to provide better information regarding your cisco certification.